Occurrence, Antibiotic Susceptibility, Biofilm Formation and Molecular Characterization of Isolated from Raw Shrimp in China.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and characterization of isolated from 145 shrimp samples from 39 cities in China. The results show that 41 samples (28%) from 24 cities were positive, and most of the positive samples (39/41, 95.1%) were less than 110 MPN/g. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that only seven isolates were susceptible to all 24 antibiotics, whereas 65.1% were multidrug-resistant. Antibiotic resistance genes that confer resistance to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracycline, macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin B (MLSB), trimethoprim, fosfomycin and streptothricin antibiotics were detected. All isolates had the ability to produce biofilm and harbored most of the biofilm-related genes. Genes encoding one or more of the important virulence factors staphylococcal enterotoxins ( and ), toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 () and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) were detected in 47.6% (30/63) of the isolates. Molecular typing showed that ST15-t085 (27.0%, 17/63), ST1-t127 (14.3%, 9/63) and ST188-t189 (11.1%, 7/63) were the dominant genetic types. The finding of this study provides the first comprehensive surveillance on the incidence of in raw shrimp in China. Some retained genotypes found in this food have been linked to human infections around the world.