Park Kwang Suk, Choi Sang Ho, Yoon Heenam
Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080 Korea.
School of Computer and Information Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897 Korea.
Biomed Eng Lett. 2023 Jul 6;13(3):329-341. doi: 10.1007/s13534-023-00298-4. eCollection 2023 Aug.
Among the various sleep modulation methods for improving sleep, three methods using noninvasive stimulation during sleep have been reviewed and summarized. The first method involves noninvasive direct brain stimulation to induce a current directly in the brain cortex. Electrically or magnetically applied stimulations trigger electrical events such as slow oscillations or sleep spindles, which can also be recorded by an electroencephalogram. The second method involves sensory stimulation during sleep, which provides stimulation through the sensory pathway to invoke equivalent brain activity like direct brain stimulation. Olfactory, vestibular, and auditory stimulation methods have been used, resulting in several sleep-modulating effects, which are characteristic and depend on the experimental paradigm. The third method is to modulate sleep by shifting the autonomic balance affecting sleep homeostasis. To strengthen parasympathetic dominance, stimulation was applied to decrease heart rate by synchronizing the heart rhythm. These noninvasive stimulation methods can strengthen slow-wave sleep, consolidate declarative or procedural memory, and modify sleep macrostructure. These stimulation methods provide evidence and possibility for sleep modulation in our daily life as an alternative method for the treatment of disturbed sleep and enhancing sleep quality and performance beyond the average level.
在各种改善睡眠的睡眠调节方法中，对三种在睡眠期间使用非侵入性刺激的方法进行了综述和总结。第一种方法是通过非侵入性直接脑刺激在大脑皮层直接诱发电流。电刺激或磁刺激会引发诸如慢波振荡或睡眠纺锤波等电活动，这些活动也可以通过脑电图记录下来。第二种方法是在睡眠期间进行感觉刺激，即通过感觉通路提供刺激，以引发与直接脑刺激等效的大脑活动。嗅觉、前庭和听觉刺激方法均已被使用，产生了多种睡眠调节效果，这些效果具有特异性且取决于实验范式。第三种方法是通过改变影响睡眠稳态的自主神经平衡来调节睡眠。为了增强副交感神经优势，通过使心律同步来施加刺激以降低心率。这些非侵入性刺激方法可以增强慢波睡眠、巩固陈述性或程序性记忆，并改变睡眠宏观结构。这些刺激方法为我们日常生活中的睡眠调节提供了证据和可能性，作为一种替代方法，用于治疗睡眠障碍以及将睡眠质量和表现提高到平均水平以上。
