Molecular mechanisms by which the HIV-1 latent reservoir is established and therapeutic strategies for its elimination.

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reservoir, composed of cells harboring the latent, integrated virus, is not eliminated by antiretroviral therapy. It therefore represents a significant barrier to curing the infection. The biology of HIV-1 reservoirs, the mechanisms of their persistence, and effective strategies for their eradication are not entirely understood. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms by which HIV-1 reservoirs develop, the cells and compartments where the latent virus resides, and advancements in curative therapeutic strategies. We first introduce statistics and relevant data on HIV-1 infection, aspects of pathogenesis, the role of antiretroviral therapy, and the general features of the latent HIV reservoir. Then, the article is built on three main pillars: The molecular mechanisms related to latency, the different strategies for targeting the reservoir to obtain a cure, and the current progress in immunotherapy to counteract said reservoirs.