GreenUPorto, Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre & INOV4AGRO, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
GreenUPorto, Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre & INOV4AGRO, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
Sci Total Environ. 2023 Oct 20;896:166401. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166401. Epub 2023 Aug 18.
The world's population is continuously increasing; therefore, food availability will be one of the major concerns of our future. In addition to that, many practices and products used, such as pesticides and fertilizers have been shown harmful to the environment and human health and are assumed as being one of the main factors responsible for the loss of biodiversity. Also, climate change could agravate the problem since it causes unpredictable variation of local and regional climate conditions,which frequently favor the growth of diseases, pathogens and pest growth. The use of natural products, like essential oils, plant extracts, or substances of microbial-origin in combination with nanotechnology is one suitable way to outgrow this problem. The most often employed natural products in research studies to date include pyrethrum extract, neem oil, and various essential oils, which when enclosed shown increased resistance to environmental factors. They also demonstrated insecticidal, antibacterial, and fungicidal properties. However, in order to truly determine if these products, despite being natural, would be hazardous or not, testing in non-target organisms, which are rare, must start to become a common practice. Therefore, this review aims to present the existing literature concerning nanoformulations of biopesticides and a standard definition for nanobiopesticides, their synthesis methods and their possible ecotoxicological impacts, while discussing the regulatory aspects regarding their authorization and commercialization. As a result of this, you will find a critical analysis in this reading. The most obvious findings are that i) there are insufficient reliable ecotoxicological data for risk assessment purposes and to establish safety doses; and ii) the requirements for registration and authorization of these new products are not as straightforward as those for synthetic chemicals and take a lot of time, which is a major challenge/limitation in terms of the goals set by the Farm to Fork initiative.
世界人口不断增加；因此，食物供应将成为我们未来的主要关注点之一。除此之外，许多被使用的做法和产品，如农药和化肥，已经被证明对环境和人类健康有害，并且被认为是导致生物多样性丧失的主要因素之一。此外，气候变化也可能加剧这个问题，因为它导致局部和区域气候条件的不可预测变化，这经常有利于疾病、病原体和害虫的生长。利用天然产品，如精油、植物提取物或微生物来源的物质与纳米技术结合是解决这个问题的一种合适方法。迄今为止，在研究中最常使用的天然产品包括除虫菊提取物、印楝油和各种精油，当被包裹时显示出对环境因素的抵抗力增加。它们还表现出杀虫、抗菌和杀菌特性。然而，为了真正确定这些产品是否尽管是天然的，但会有危害，必须开始在非目标生物中进行测试，而这些生物是罕见的。因此，本综述旨在介绍有关生物农药的纳米制剂的现有文献和纳米生物农药的标准定义、它们的合成方法及其可能的生态毒理学影响，并讨论其授权和商业化的监管方面。因此，你将在这篇阅读中找到批判性分析。最明显的发现是：i）缺乏足够可靠的生态毒理学数据用于风险评估目的和建立安全剂量；ii）这些新产品的注册和授权要求不如合成化学品那样直接，需要大量时间，这是“从农场到餐桌”倡议设定的目标方面的主要挑战/限制。
