Atrial Transseptal Catheterisation: Challenging Scenarios and Techniques to Overcome Them.

Atrial transseptal catheterisation is a fundamental skill of any interventional electrophysiologist. In this review, various scenarios that pose unique challenges to atrial transseptal catheterisation are discussed. These scenarios include post-surgical or congenital malformations of the interatrial septum, presence of interatrial septal closure devices, absent or obstructed inferior vena cava and complex congenital heart disease after palliative surgery. Transseptal catheterisation in all of the above situations is feasible and can be performed safely with the aid of dedicated tools and specific techniques.