Tidal effects on carbon dioxide emission dynamics in intertidal wetland sediments.

Understanding the control mechanisms of carbon dioxide (CO) emissions in intertidal wetland sediments is beneficial for the concern of global carbon biogeochemistry and climate change. Nevertheless, multiple controls on CO emissions from intertidal wetland sediments to the atmosphere still need to be clarified. This study investigated the effect of tidal action on CO emissions from salt marsh sediments covered by Spartina alterniflora in the Jiaozhou Bay wetland using the static chamber method combined with an infrared CO detector. The results showed that the CO emission fluxes from the sediment during ebb tides were higher than those during flood tides. The whole wetland sediment acted as a weak source of atmospheric CO (average flux: 24.44 ± 16.80 mg C m h) compared to terrestrial soils and was affected by the cycle of seawater inundation and exposure. The tidal influence on vertical dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) transport in the sediment was also quantitated using a two-end member mixing model. The surface sediment layer (5-15 cm) with maximum DIC concentration during ebb tides became the one with minimum DIC concentration during flood tides, indicating the DIC transport from the surface sediment to seawater. Furthermore, aerobic respiration by microorganisms was the primary process of CO production in the sediment according to 16 S rDNA sequencing analysis. This study revealed the strong impact of tidal action on CO emissions from the wetland sediment and provided insights into the source-sink pattern of CO and DIC at the land-ocean interface.