Quality Assurance Investigations and Impurity Characterization during Upscaling of [Lu]Lu-PSMA.

[Lu]Lu-PSMA is widely used for the radioligand therapy of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Since this kind of therapy has gained a large momentum in recent years, an upscaled production process yielding multiple patient doses in one batch has been developed. During upscaling, the established production method as well as the HPLC quality control were challenged. A major finding was a correlation between the specific activity and the formation of a pre-peak, presumably caused by radiolysis. Hence, nonradioactive reference standards were irradiated with an X-ray source and the formed pre-peak was subsequently identified as a deiodination product by UPLC-MS. To confirm the occurrence of the same deiodinated side product in the routine batch, a customized deiodinated precursor was radiolabeled and analyzed with the same HPLC setup, revealing an identical retention time to the pre-peak in the formerly synthesized routine batches. Additionally, further cyclization products of [Lu]Lu-PSMA were identified as major contributors to radiochemical impurities. The comparison of two HPLC methods showed the likelihood of the overestimation of the radiochemical purity during the synthesis of [Lu]Lu-PSMA. Finally, a prospective cost reduction through an optimization of the production process was shown.