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Are We Getting High Cause the Thrill is Gone?

作者信息

Blum Kenneth, Mclaughlin Thomas, Gold Mark S, Gondre-Lewis Marjorie C, Thanos Panayotis K, Elman Igor, Baron David, Bowirrat Abdalla, Barh Debamyla, Khalsa Jag, Hanna Colin, Jafari Nicole, Zeine Foojan, Braverman Eric R, Dennen Catherine, Makale Milan T, Makale Miles, Sunder Keerthy, Murphy Kevin T, Badgaiyan Rajendra D

机构信息

The Kenneth Blum Behavioral and Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX, USA.

Center for Sports, Exercise, Psychiatry, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA.

出版信息

J Addict Psychiatry. 2023;7(1):5-516. Epub 2023 Dec 8.


DOI:
PMID:38164471
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10758019/
Abstract

In the USA alone, opioid use disorder (OUD) affects approximately 27 million people. While the number of prescriptions may be declining due to increased CDC guidance and prescriber education, fatalities due to fentanyl-laced street heroin are still rising. Our laboratory has extended the overall concept of both substance and non-substance addictive behaviors, calling it "Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS)." Who are its victims, and how do we get this unwanted disorder? Is RDS caused by genes (Nature), environment (Neuro-epigenetics, Nurture), or both? Recent research identifies resting-state functional connectivity in the brain reward circuitry as a crucial factor. Analogously, it is of importance to acknowledge that the cumulative discharge of dopamine, governed by the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and modulated by an array of additional neurotransmitters, constitutes a cornerstone of an individual's overall well-being. Neuroimaging reveals that high-risk individuals exhibit a blunted response to stimuli, potentially due to DNA polymorphisms or epigenetic alterations. This discovery has given rise to the idea of a diminished 'thrill,' though we must consider whether this 'thrill' may have been absent from birth due to high-risk genetic predispositions for addiction. This article reviews this issue and suggests the general concept of the importance of "induction of dopamine homeostasis." We suggest coupling a validated genetic assessment (e.g., GARS) with pro-dopamine regulation (KB220) as one possible frontline modality in place of prescribing potent addictive opioids for OUD except for short time harm reduction. Could gene editing offer a 'cure' for this undesirable genetic modification at birth, influenced by the environment and carried over generations, leading to impaired dopamine and other neurotransmitter imbalances, as seen in RDS? Through dedicated global scientific exploration, we hope for a future where individuals are liberated from pain and disease, achieving an optimal state of well-being akin to the proverbial 'Garden of Eden'.

摘要
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/2f1a/10758019/1d9855d691a0/nihms-1954734-f0009.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/2f1a/10758019/db88a0837e24/nihms-1954734-f0001.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/2f1a/10758019/012906ddff6f/nihms-1954734-f0002.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/2f1a/10758019/3b0562ff22c2/nihms-1954734-f0003.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/2f1a/10758019/c92d5d941305/nihms-1954734-f0004.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/2f1a/10758019/b438f4205b64/nihms-1954734-f0005.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/2f1a/10758019/00c56375c560/nihms-1954734-f0006.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/2f1a/10758019/3f4772bf5f8e/nihms-1954734-f0007.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/2f1a/10758019/3d233b6857dd/nihms-1954734-f0008.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/2f1a/10758019/1d9855d691a0/nihms-1954734-f0009.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/2f1a/10758019/db88a0837e24/nihms-1954734-f0001.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/2f1a/10758019/012906ddff6f/nihms-1954734-f0002.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/2f1a/10758019/3b0562ff22c2/nihms-1954734-f0003.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/2f1a/10758019/c92d5d941305/nihms-1954734-f0004.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/2f1a/10758019/b438f4205b64/nihms-1954734-f0005.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/2f1a/10758019/00c56375c560/nihms-1954734-f0006.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/2f1a/10758019/3f4772bf5f8e/nihms-1954734-f0007.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/2f1a/10758019/3d233b6857dd/nihms-1954734-f0008.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/2f1a/10758019/1d9855d691a0/nihms-1954734-f0009.jpg

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[1]
Are We Getting High Cause the Thrill is Gone?

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[2]
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[3]
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[4]
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[5]
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[6]
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[7]
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[8]
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[9]
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[10]
Coupling Neurogenetics (GARS™) and a Nutrigenomic Based Dopaminergic Agonist to Treat Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): Targeting Polymorphic Reward Genes for Carbohydrate Addiction Algorithms.

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引用本文的文献

[1]
Addictive Behavior and Evolutionary Adaptation: Mitigated through Genetic Addiction Risk Severity Early Identification and Awareness Integration Theory.

Med Res Arch. 2024-8

本文引用的文献

[1]
Multivariate genome-wide association meta-analysis of over 1 million subjects identifies loci underlying multiple substance use disorders.

Nat Ment Health. 2023-3

[2]
Behavioral, Neurochemical and Developmental Effects of Chronic Oral Methylphenidate: A Review.

J Pers Med. 2023-3-23

[3]
Pre-reproductive stress in adolescent female rats alters maternal care and DNA methylation patterns across generations.

Stress. 2023-1

[4]
The Use of Oxytocin for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder.

Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2023-5

[5]
Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 5 Gene Deletion Enhances Nicotine-Conditioned Place Preference: Illuminating the Putative Gateway Mechanisms.

Future Pharmacol. 2023-3

[6]
Positive Clinical Outcomes for Severe Reported Pain Using Robust Non-Addictive Home Electrotherapy-A Case-Series.

J Pers Med. 2023-2-15

[7]
Genetic Addiction Risk Severity Assessment Identifies Polymorphic Reward Genes as Antecedents to Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) Hypodopaminergia's Effect on Addictive and Non-Addictive Behaviors in a Nuclear Family.

J Pers Med. 2022-11-8

[8]
Effects of family therapy for substance abuse: A systematic review of recent research.

Fam Process. 2023-3

[9]
Future Newborns with Opioid-Induced Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) Could Be Assessed with the Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) Test and Potentially Treated Using Precision Amino-Acid Enkephalinase Inhibition Therapy (KB220) as a Frontline Modality Instead of Potent Opioids.

J Pers Med. 2022-12-6

[10]
Exercise Modulates Brain Glucose Utilization Response to Acute Cocaine.

J Pers Med. 2022-11-30

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