Wu Hanming, Niu Ming, Shao Yuankai, Wang Maoxuan, Li Menghan, Liu Xin, Li Zhenguo
China Automotive Technology & Research Center, Co., Ltd., No. 68 Xianfeng East Road, Dongli District, Tianjin, 300300, China.
CATARC Automotive Test Center (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., No. 68 Xianfeng East Road, Dongli District, Tianjin, 300300, China.
ACS Omega. 2023 Dec 26;9(1):97-116. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08056. eCollection 2024 Jan 9.
With increasing concerns about carbon emissions and the resulting climate impacts, Li-ion batteries have become one of the most attractive energy sources, especially in the transportation sector. For Li-ion batteries, an effective thermal management system is essential to ensure high-efficiency operation, avoid capacity degradation, and eliminate safety issues. Thermal management systems based on heat pipes can achieve excellent cooling performance in limited space and thus have been widely used for the temperature control of Li-ion batteries. In this paper, the thermal management systems of Li-ion batteries based on four types of heat pipes, i.e., flat single-channel heat pipes, oscillating heat pipes, flexible heat pipes, and microchannel heat pipes, are comprehensively reviewed based on the studies in the past 20 years. The effects of different influencing factors on the cooling performance and thermal runaway behavior of Li-ion batteries are thoroughly discussed in order to provide an in-depth understanding for researchers and engineers. It is concluded that for all types of thermal management systems based on heat pipes, water spray cooling could achieve better cooling performance than forced air cooling and water bath cooling, while its energy consumption is obviously smaller than forced air cooling. For thermal management systems based on oscillating heat pipes, improved heat transfer characteristics could be achieved by increasing the number of turns, using a relatively larger inner hydraulic diameter and using a length ratio between the evaporator and condenser higher than 1.0. Heat pipes fabricated by flexible materials suffer from permeation of noncondensable gases from ambient and leakage of working fluid. These issues could be partly resolved by adding thermal vias filled with metallic materials and covering the sealing part with indium coating or designing a multilayered structure with metallic materials in it. Moreover, the limitations and future trends of Li-ion battery thermal management systems based on heat pipes are presented. It is pointed out that the thermal runaway behavior and heating performance of battery thermal management systems based on heat pipes should be further elaborated. The analysis of this paper could provide valuable support for future investigations on Li-ion battery thermal management systems based on heat pipes; it could also guide the choice and design of Li-ion battery thermal management systems based on heat pipes in commercial use.
随着对碳排放及其导致的气候影响的关注度不断提高，锂离子电池已成为最具吸引力的能源之一，尤其是在交通运输领域。对于锂离子电池而言，有效的热管理系统对于确保高效运行、避免容量衰减以及消除安全问题至关重要。基于热管的热管理系统能够在有限空间内实现出色的冷却性能，因此已被广泛应用于锂离子电池的温度控制。本文基于过去20年的研究，对基于四种类型热管（即扁平单通道热管、振荡热管、柔性热管和微通道热管）的锂离子电池热管理系统进行了全面综述。深入讨论了不同影响因素对锂离子电池冷却性能和热失控行为的影响，以便为研究人员和工程师提供深入的理解。研究得出结论，对于所有基于热管的热管理系统，喷雾冷却比强制风冷和水浴冷却具有更好的冷却性能，同时其能耗明显低于强制风冷。对于基于振荡热管的热管理系统，通过增加匝数、使用相对较大的内部水力直径以及使蒸发器与冷凝器之间的长度比高于1.0，可以实现更好的传热特性。由柔性材料制成的热管存在来自环境的不凝性气体渗透和工作流体泄漏的问题。通过添加填充金属材料的热通孔并用铟涂层覆盖密封部分或设计包含金属材料的多层结构，可以部分解决这些问题。此外，还介绍了基于热管的锂离子电池热管理系统的局限性和未来发展趋势。指出应进一步阐述基于热管的电池热管理系统的热失控行为和发热性能。本文的分析可为未来基于热管的锂离子电池热管理系统的研究提供有价值的支持；也可为商业应用中基于热管的锂离子电池热管理系统的选择和设计提供指导。
