Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel inhibitor in myocardial infarction: Potential benefits beyond heart rate modulation.

Myocardial infarction (MI) and its associated complications including ventricular arrhythmias and heart failure are responsible for a significant incidence of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The ensuing cardiomyocyte loss results in neurohormone-driven cardiac remodeling, which leads to chronic heart failure in MI survivors. Ivabradine is a heart rate modulation agent currently used in treatment of chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. The canonical target of ivabradine is the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (HCN) in cardiac pacemaker cells. However, in post-MI hearts, HCN can also be expressed ectopically in non-pacemaker cardiomyocytes. There is an accumulation of intriguing evidence to suggest that ivabradine also possesses cardioprotective effects that are independent of heart rate reduction. This review aims to summarize and discuss the reported cardioprotective mechanisms of ivabradine beyond heart rate modulation in myocardial infarction through various molecular mechanisms including the prevention of reactive oxygen species-induced mitochondrial damage, improvement of autophagy system, modulation of intracellular calcium cycling, modification of ventricular electrophysiology, and regulation of matrix metalloproteinases.