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抗人球蛋白试验阳性的血栓性血小板减少性紫癜复杂病例应如何治疗?

How Should Complicated Cases of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura With Positive Coombs Test Be Treated?

作者信息

Ghrewati Moutaz, Mahmoud Anas, Beilani Tala, Zakharia Karam, Kumar Mehandar

机构信息

Hematology and Oncology, St. Joseph's University Medical Center, Paterson, USA.

Internal Medicine, St. Joseph's University Medical Center, Paterson, USA.

出版信息

Cureus. 2023 Dec 18;15(12):e50742. doi: 10.7759/cureus.50742. eCollection 2023 Dec.

Abstract

Thrombocytopenia with concomitant anemia is a serious condition with a high mortality risk. Destruction of platelets, i.e., thrombocytopenia, can be secondary to either auto-antibodies (immune-mediated) or mechanical destruction (non-immune-mediated). The Coombs test is a widespread tool to differentiate between the two categories, resulting in different specific treatment approaches for each diagnosis. A peripheral blood smear can also help make the diagnosis; for instance, in cases of mechanical destruction such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), the red blood cell (RBC) shape looks fragmented, forming schistocytes. In rare instances, TTP can present with both schistocytes and a positive Coombs test, challenging the diagnosis of TTP. TTP is a hematological emergency requiring appropriate anticipation and the initiation of treatment prior to the confirmatory ADAMTS-13 test results. Mild forms of TTP can be managed with glucocorticoids and therapeutic plasma exchange. Refractory cases need more aggressive additional treatment with caplacizumab and rituximab. Caplacizumab is an expensive medication that is usually reserved for use after confirmation of a TTP diagnosis. The advantage of caplacizumab lies in its targeted mechanism of action against the A1 domain of the von Willebrand multimers that are normally destructed by the ADAMTS-13 enzyme. Here, we present a young female patient with confirmed TTP, and the initial diagnosis was challenged by the presence of antibodies with the Coombs test. Very little research has studied this rare instance and the appropriate treatment. Our case will save many future lives, as clinicians should be more aggressive in treating refractory TTP with a positive Coombs test.

摘要

血小板减少伴贫血是一种严重病症,具有较高的死亡风险。血小板破坏,即血小板减少,可能继发于自身抗体(免疫介导)或机械性破坏(非免疫介导)。库姆斯试验是区分这两类情况的常用工具,针对每种诊断会有不同的具体治疗方法。外周血涂片也有助于做出诊断;例如,在血栓性血小板减少性紫癜(TTP)等机械性破坏的病例中,红细胞(RBC)形态看起来呈碎片状,形成裂体细胞。在罕见情况下,TTP可同时出现裂体细胞和库姆斯试验阳性,这对TTP的诊断构成挑战。TTP是一种血液学急症,需要在获得确诊的ADAMTS - 13检测结果之前进行适当的预判并开始治疗。轻度TTP可用糖皮质激素和治疗性血浆置换进行管理。难治性病例需要用卡泊单抗和利妥昔单抗进行更积极的额外治疗。卡泊单抗是一种昂贵的药物,通常在TTP诊断确认后使用。卡泊单抗的优势在于其针对血管性血友病因子多聚体A1结构域的靶向作用机制,而该结构域通常由ADAMTS - 13酶破坏。在此,我们介绍一位确诊为TTP的年轻女性患者,其初始诊断因库姆斯试验中出现抗体而受到挑战。针对这种罕见情况及适当治疗的研究很少。我们的病例将拯救许多未来的生命,因为临床医生在治疗库姆斯试验阳性的难治性TTP时应更加积极。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a8d5/10794093/4da1c44366f7/cureus-0015-00000050742-i01.jpg

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