Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA.
Hormone Related Cancers Program, University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Jan 16;25(2):1093. doi: 10.3390/ijms25021093.
Prostate cancer (PCa) has been known as the most prevalent cancer disease and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in men almost all over the globe. There is an urgent need for establishment of PCa models that can recapitulate the progress of genomic landscapes and molecular alterations during development and progression of this disease. Notably, several organoid models have been developed for assessing the complex interaction between PCa and its surrounding microenvironment. In recent years, PCa organoids have been emerged as powerful in vitro 3D model systems that recapitulate the molecular features (such as genomic/epigenomic changes and tumor microenvironment) of PCa metastatic tumors. In addition, application of organoid technology in mechanistic studies (i.e., for understanding cellular/subcellular and molecular alterations) and translational medicine has been recognized as a promising approach for facilitating the development of potential biomarkers and novel therapeutic strategies. In this review, we summarize the application of PCa organoids in the high-throughput screening and establishment of relevant xenografts for developing novel therapeutics for metastatic, castration resistant, and neuroendocrine PCa. These organoid-based studies are expected to expand our knowledge from basic research to clinical applications for PCa diseases. Furthermore, we also highlight the optimization of PCa cultures and establishment of promising 3D organoid models for in vitro and in vivo investigations, ultimately facilitating mechanistic studies and development of novel clinical diagnosis/prognosis and therapies for PCa.
前列腺癌（PCa）是全球范围内最常见的男性癌症疾病，也是癌症死亡的第二大主要原因。迫切需要建立能够再现疾病发展和进展过程中基因组景观和分子改变的 PCa 模型。值得注意的是，已经开发了几种类器官模型来评估 PCa 与其周围微环境之间的复杂相互作用。近年来，PCa 类器官已成为强大的体外 3D 模型系统，可以再现 PCa 转移性肿瘤的分子特征（如基因组/表观基因组改变和肿瘤微环境）。此外，类器官技术在机制研究（即理解细胞/亚细胞和分子改变）和转化医学中的应用已被认为是促进开发潜在生物标志物和新型治疗策略的有前途的方法。在这篇综述中，我们总结了 PCa 类器官在高通量筛选和建立相关异种移植物中的应用，以开发用于转移性、去势抵抗性和神经内分泌 PCa 的新型治疗方法。这些基于类器官的研究有望将我们的知识从基础研究扩展到 PCa 疾病的临床应用。此外，我们还强调了优化 PCa 培养和建立有前途的 3D 类器官模型，以进行体外和体内研究，最终促进机制研究和开发用于 PCa 的新型临床诊断/预后和治疗方法。
