Meng Cheng Ee, Sharifah Robiah Mohamad Che Wan, Mohd Nasir Nashrul Fazli, Fhan Khor Shing, Liang Ong Hong, Jian Tan Xiao, Yee Lee Kim, Yeow You Kok, Mohd Tarmizi Emma Ziezie, Mohd Roslan Mohd Riza, Baharuddin Siti Aishah
Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, 02600, Malaysia.
Advanced Communication Engineering, Centre of Excellence (CoE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, 01000, Malaysia.
Heliyon. 2023 Dec 17;10(1):e23847. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23847. eCollection 2024 Jan 15.
The mineral composition, crystallinity, and dielectric properties of salts can provide valuable insights into the quality and suitability of different types of salt for various applications. In this study, comprehensive analysis of the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and dielectric analysis of the Ba'kelalan salt, Himalaya salt and Bamboo salt have been investigated. The mineral composition of these salts, encompassing vital elements such as iodine and other trace minerals, significantly influences the salt's nutritional profile and overall excellence. Nonetheless, gauging the dispersion and density of these minerals poses difficulties due to conventional techniques that can be arduous, damaging, and expensive. Sample preparation is carried out before conducting X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and dielectric analysis. XRD measurements are performed using the Bruker D2 Phaser to identify crystalline material phases. XRD operates on the principle of constructive X-ray interference within crystalline samples. For elemental analysis across a broad spectrum of materials, XRF is employed. Elemental peaks are scanned, starting from the lowest to the highest angle of incidence. The X-ray intensity at characteristic peaks is compared to the standard series. Dielectric spectroscopy analysis examines the dielectric behaviour of Ba'kelalan salt, Himalaya salt, and Bamboo salt. The setup involves a vector network analyser (VNA) paired with an open-ended coaxial probe, utilizing the microwave method. This approach ensures rapid, efficient, and non-destructive measurements of dielectric constants (ε') and loss factors (ε"). The dielectric permittivity spectra are acquired within the frequency range of 4 GHz-20 GHz. ε' of these salts increase with frequency. Meanwhile, ε" seem varies insignificantly over frequency. Mineral contents and crystallinity are the crucial factors lead to these responses. Based on the study, the quality and suitability of the selected salts for specific applications can be determined by considering their mineral composition, crystallinity, and dielectric properties in the context of the intended use. This gives an insight for some applications that may benefit from certain minerals or crystalline structures, others may require specific dielectric properties for effective use. Therefore, understanding these properties allows for decision-making in choosing the right type of salt for a given purpose, whether it's for foods, medical, industrial, healthcare, and technological applications.
盐的矿物成分、结晶度和介电性能能够为不同类型的盐在各种应用中的质量和适用性提供有价值的见解。在本研究中,对巴克拉兰盐、喜马拉雅盐和竹盐进行了X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线荧光(XRF)的综合分析以及介电分析。这些盐的矿物成分,包括碘和其他微量矿物质等关键元素,显著影响盐的营养成分和整体品质。然而,由于传统技术可能艰巨、具有破坏性且成本高昂,测量这些矿物质的分散度和密度存在困难。在进行X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线荧光(XRF)和介电分析之前要进行样品制备。使用布鲁克D2 Phaser进行XRD测量以识别晶体材料相。XRD基于晶体样品内X射线相长干涉原理运行。对于广泛材料的元素分析,采用XRF。从最低入射角到最高入射角扫描元素峰。将特征峰处的X射线强度与标准系列进行比较。介电谱分析研究巴克拉兰盐、喜马拉雅盐和竹盐的介电行为。该装置包括一个与开放式同轴探头配对的矢量网络分析仪(VNA),采用微波方法。这种方法确保了对介电常数(ε')和损耗因子(ε")进行快速、高效且无损的测量。在4 GHz - 20 GHz频率范围内获取介电常数谱。这些盐的ε'随频率增加。同时,ε"似乎随频率变化不显著。矿物质含量和结晶度是导致这些响应的关键因素。基于该研究,通过在预期用途的背景下考虑所选盐的矿物成分、结晶度和介电性能,可以确定其在特定应用中的质量和适用性。这为一些可能受益于某些矿物质或晶体结构的应用提供了见解,而其他应用可能需要特定的介电性能才能有效使用。因此,了解这些特性有助于在为特定目的选择合适类型的盐时进行决策,无论是用于食品、医疗、工业、保健还是技术应用。