Impaired muscle recovery after total hip arthroplasty (THA) may affect gait and activities of daily living. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) can assess body composition and muscle volume, and computed tomography (CT) can assess muscle volume and the fatty degeneration of muscle. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of BIA, and the correlation between preoperative body composition and postoperative muscle volume and degeneration after THA using BIA and CT. Thirty-eight patients who underwent THA and had BIA and CT performed pre- and postoperatively were retrospectively assessed. The BIA-derived measurements of preoperative body composition (fat mass index, fat-free mass index, and phase angle) were correlated with the CT-derived measurements (pre- and postoperative muscle volume and gluteus maximus and quadriceps Hounsfield Units of the affected hip). The preoperative fat mass index negatively correlated with the postoperative muscle volume of the gluteus maximus ( = 0.02) and quadriceps ( < 0.001) and the Hounsfield Units of the gluteus maximus ( = 0.03) and quadriceps ( = 0.03). The preoperative fat-free mass index positively correlated with the postoperative muscle volume of the quadriceps ( = 0.02). The preoperative phase angle positively correlated with the postoperative muscle volume of the quadriceps ( = 0.001) and the Hounsfield Units of the gluteus maximus ( = 0.03) and quadriceps ( = 0.001). In patients who underwent THA, preoperative body composition correlated with postoperative muscle volume and the fatty degeneration of the affected lower limb. Preoperative body composition may help predict postoperative muscle volume and fatty degeneration and thus, postoperative recovery.