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循环经济中挑战性燃料的灰烬。

Ashes from challenging fuels in the circular economy.

机构信息

Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, FI-20500 Turku, Finland.

Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, FI-20500 Turku, Finland.

出版信息

Waste Manag. 2024 Apr 1;177:211-231. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.01.051. Epub 2024 Feb 10.

Abstract

In line with the objectives of the circular economy, the conversion of waste streams to useful and valuable side streams is a central goal. Ash represents one of the main industrial side-products, and using ashes in other than the present landfilling applications is, therefore, a high priority. This paper reviews the properties and utilization of ashes of different biomass power plants and waste incinerations, with a focus on the past decade. Possibilities for ash utilization are of uttermost importance in terms of circular economy and disposal of landfills. However, considering its applicability, ash originating from the heat treatment of chemically complex fuels, such as biomass and waste poses several challenges such as high heavy metal content and the presence of toxic and/or corrosive species. Furthermore, the physical properties of the ash might limit its usability. Nevertheless, numerous studies addressing the utilization possibilities of challenging ash in various applications have been carried out over the past decade. This review, with over 300 references, surveys the field of research, focusing on the utilization of biomass and municipal solid waste (MSW) ashes. Also, metal and phosphorus recovery from different ashes is addressed. It can be concluded that the key beneficial properties of the ash types addressed in this review are based on their i) alkaline nature suitable for neutralization reactions, ii) high adsorption capabilities to be used in CO capture and waste treatment, and iii) large surface area and appropriate chemical composition for the catalyst industry. Especially, ashes rich in AlO and SiO have proven to be promising alternative catalysts in various industrial processes and as precursors for synthetic zeolites.

摘要

符合循环经济的目标,将废物流转化为有用和有价值的副产物是一个核心目标。灰分是主要的工业副产物之一,因此,除了目前的填埋应用外,将灰分用于其他用途是当务之急。本文回顾了不同生物质发电厂和废物焚烧厂灰分的特性和利用情况,重点关注过去十年的情况。在循环经济和垃圾处理方面,灰分的利用可能性至关重要。然而,考虑到其适用性,源自化学复杂燃料(如生物质和废物)热处理的灰分存在一些挑战,例如重金属含量高,存在有毒和/或腐蚀性物质。此外,灰分的物理性质可能会限制其可用性。然而,在过去十年中,已经进行了许多研究来解决在各种应用中利用具有挑战性的灰分的可能性。本综述引用了 300 多篇参考文献,调查了研究领域,重点关注生物质和城市固体废物 (MSW) 灰分的利用。此外,还涉及从不同灰分中回收金属和磷。可以得出结论,本文综述中所涉及的灰分类型的关键有益特性基于其:i)适合中和反应的碱性性质,ii)高吸附能力,可用于 CO 捕获和废物处理,以及 iii)大表面积和适合催化剂工业的适当化学成分。特别是富含 AlO 和 SiO 的灰分已被证明是各种工业过程中很有前途的替代催化剂,也是合成沸石的前体。

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