Fluorescent Probe for Investigating the Mitochondrial Viscosity and Hydrogen Peroxide Changes in Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury.

Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI), a cause of cerebral dysfunction during cerebral infarction treatment, is closely associated with mitochondrial viscosity and hydrogen peroxide (HO). However, the accurate measurement of mitochondrial viscosity and HO levels in CIRI is challenging because of the lack of sufficient selectivity and blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration of existing monitoring tools related to CIRI, hampering the exploration of the role of mitochondrial viscosity and HO in CIRI. To address this issue, we designed an activatable fluorescent probe, mitochondria-targeting styryl-quinolin-ium (), with excellent properties including high selectivity, mitochondrial targeting, and BBB penetration, for the visualization of mitochondrial viscosity and HO in the brain. Based on the real-time monitoring capabilities of the probe, bursts of mitochondrial viscosity and HO levels were visualized during CIRI. This probe can be used to monitor the therapeutic effects of butylphthalein treatment. More importantly, in vivo experiments further confirmed that CIRI was closely associated with the mitochondrial viscosity and HO levels. This discovery provides new insights and tools for the study of CIRI and is expected to accelerate the process of CIRI diagnosis, treatment, and drug design.