Public Policy Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
J Adolesc Health. 2024 Jul;75(1):43-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.02.023. Epub 2024 Mar 15.
We aimed to assess levels of depression, anxiety, and resilience factors before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in a school sample of adolescents. We also aimed to examine the compensatory and protective effects of individual, family, and school resilience factors on adolescent mental health.
We used fall 2019 and fall 2020 survey responses from a cluster randomized controlled trial implemented in 20 schools in a Midwestern county. The sample consisted of 3,085 responses from students in grades 5 and 6. Multilevel mixed-effects models with cluster robust standard errors were used to investigate the associations between exposure to the COVID-19 pandemic, mental health (anxiety, depression), and resilience factors (future orientation, family engagement, and having a caring school adult).
Anxiety, but not depression, was higher in fall 2020 compared to fall 2019. Family engagement increased during the pandemic, while future orientation of the student body was lower during that time and the prevalence of having a caring adult at school was unchanged. A positive future orientation was associated with lower levels of anxiety and depression, while having a caring school adult was associated with lower depression. Adolescents with less positive future orientations, low family engagement, and no caring school adults experienced the greatest increases in anxiety.
Positive future orientations, family engagement, and supportive nonparental adult relationships had compensatory and protective effects on adolescent mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Adding these measures to the inventory of modifiable resilience factors during natural disasters may promote healthy adaptation among adolescents.
我们旨在评估 COVID-19 大流行前后学校青少年群体中抑郁、焦虑和复原力因素的水平。我们还旨在检验个体、家庭和学校复原力因素对青少年心理健康的补偿和保护作用。
我们使用了在中西部县的 20 所学校中实施的一项群组随机对照试验的 2019 年秋季和 2020 年秋季的调查应答数据。样本由来自 5 年级和 6 年级的 3085 名学生应答组成。使用具有群组稳健标准误差的多级混合效应模型来研究 COVID-19 大流行暴露、心理健康（焦虑、抑郁）和复原力因素（未来取向、家庭参与度和有关怀的学校成年人）之间的关联。
与 2019 年秋季相比，2020 年秋季的焦虑水平更高，但抑郁水平没有变化。家庭参与度在大流行期间增加，而学生群体的未来取向在此期间降低，有关怀的成年人在学校的比例不变。积极的未来取向与较低的焦虑和抑郁水平相关，而有关怀的学校成年人与较低的抑郁水平相关。未来取向较不积极、家庭参与度较低且没有关怀的学校成年人经历了最大的焦虑增加。
积极的未来取向、家庭参与度和支持性非父母成人关系对 COVID-19 大流行期间青少年的心理健康具有补偿和保护作用。在自然灾害期间，将这些措施纳入可改变的复原力因素清单中可能会促进青少年的健康适应。
