Food webs in isolation: The food-web structure of a freshwater reservoir with armoured shores in a former coastal bay area.

Many shallow coastal bays have been closed off from the sea to mitigate the risk of flooding, resulting in coastal reservoir lakes with artificial armoured shorelines. Often these enclosed ecosystems show a persistent decline in biodiversity and ecosystem services, which is likely reflected in their food-web structure. We therefore hypothesize that the food webs of coastal reservoir lakes with armoured shorelines (1) consist of relatively few species with a low food-web connectance and short food chains, and (2) are mainly fuelled by autochthonous organic matter produced in the pelagic zone. To investigate these two hypotheses, we used stable-isotope analysis to determine the food-web structure of lake Markermeer (The Netherlands), a large reservoir lake with armoured shorelines in a former coastal bay area. Contrary to expectation, connectance of the food web in lake Markermeer was comparable to other lakes, while food-chain length was in the higher range. However, the trophic links revealed that numerous macroinvertebrates and fish species in this constructed lake exhibited omnivorous feeding behaviour. Furthermore, in line with our second hypothesis, primary consumers heavily relied on pelagically derived organic matter, while benthic primary production exerted only a minor and seasonal influence on higher trophic levels. Stable-isotope values and the C:N ratio of sediment organic matter in the lake also aligned more closely with phytoplankton than with benthic primary producers. Moreover, terrestrial subsidies of organic matter were virtually absent in lake Markermeer. These findings support the notion that isolation of the lake through shore armouring and the lack of littoral habitats in combination with persistent resuspension of sediments have affected the food web. We argue that restoration initiatives should prioritize the establishment of land-water transition zones, thereby enhancing habitat diversity, benthic primary production, and the inflow of external organic matter while preserving pelagic primary production.