Rainfall trends and spatiotemporal patterns of meteorological drought in Menna watershed, northwestern Ethiopia.

Understanding the spatiotemporal patterns of drought is crucial for planning, disaster preparedness, vulnerability assessment, impact evaluation, and policy formulation to mitigate drought-induced effects. The purpose of this study was to assess rainfall trends and spatiotemporal patterns of meteorological drought using geospatial techniques in Menna watershed. The Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) rainfall, and station-based observed rainfall were the datasets used. The station-based rainfall was used to confirm the accuracy of CHIRPS rainfall data. The Mann-Kendall (MK) test and Sen's slope estimator were utilized to assess trends and ascertain the extent of change. To characterize meteorological droughts, percent of normal (PN), standardized anomaly index (SAI), and standardized precipitation index (SPI) were computed during the crop growing seasons (2000-2022). The validation result confirmed a strong agreement between the observed and CHIRPS rainfall data (R2 = 0.88). Based on the MK test, an increasing trend has been observed in annual (3.7 mm/year) and (3.4 mm/year) rainfall, which was significant at p < 0.05. But the season was slightly decreasing (-0.7 mm/year). The PN, SAI, and SPI values detected that 2002, 2004, 2009, 2011, 2014, 2015, and 2019 were drought years in the area. Even only 1.4, 0.2, and 0.5% of the watershed were free from drought in 2009, 2014, and 2015, respectively, due to extremely high rainfall deficiency. Conversely, 2001, 2010, and 2016 were notable for having the highest amounts of rainfall compared to the other years. Generally, the region could be classified as an area highly susceptible to meteorological drought in northwestern Ethiopia. There was no even a single year free from drought in the entire study period. To that extent, about 86% of it had repeatedly encountered extreme rainfall deficit (7-23 times) during the study period. Thus, the population has always been repeatedly smashed down by the frequent droughts. To tackle existing challenges and mitigate upcoming risks, continual droughts monitoring and implementation of efficient early warning systems are vital for the region.