Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy.
Methods Enzymol. 2024;695:193-219. doi: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.11.004. Epub 2024 Feb 22.
G-quadruplexes (G4s) are non-canonical nucleic acids secondary structures that can form at guanine-rich sequences of DNA and RNA in every kingdom of life. At the DNA level, G4s can form throughout genomes but they are prevalently found in promoter regions and at telomeres, and they have been attributed functions spanning from transcriptional regulation, to control of DNA replication, to maintenance of chromosome ends. Our understanding of the functions of G4s in cells has greatly improved with the development of specific anti-G4 antibodies, which allow the visualization of G4s by immunofluorescence but also the mapping of these secondary DNA structures genome wide. Whole genome identification of the location and abundance of G4s with techniques such as Chromatin Immunoprecipitation coupled with sequencing (ChIP-Seq) and Cleavage Under Target and Tagmentation (CUT&Tag) has allowed the profiling of G4 distribution across distinct cell types and deepen the understanding of G4 functions, particularly in the regulation of transcription. Crucial for these types of genome-wide studies is the availability of an anti-G4 antibody preparation with high affinity and specificity. Here, we describe a protocol for the expression and purification of the anti-DNA G4 structure antibody (BG4) first developed by the Balasubramanian group, which has been proven to selectively recognize G4 structures both in vitro and within cells, and which has great applicability in high-throughput techniques. We provide a detailed, step-by-step protocol to obtain active BG4 starting from a commercially available expression plasmid. We also describe three different approaches to validate the activity of the BG4 preparation.
四链体(G4s)是一种非经典的核酸二级结构,能够在生命的各个领域中富含鸟嘌呤的 DNA 和 RNA 序列中形成。在 DNA 水平上,G4s 可以在整个基因组中形成,但它们主要存在于启动子区域和端粒中,并且它们的功能涵盖了从转录调控到 DNA 复制控制,再到染色体末端维持等多个方面。随着特异性抗 G4 抗体的发展,我们对 G4 在细胞中的功能的理解有了很大的提高,这些抗体不仅可以通过免疫荧光来可视化 G4s,还可以在全基因组范围内对这些二级 DNA 结构进行作图。利用染色质免疫沉淀结合测序(ChIP-Seq)和靶向切割和标签化(CUT&Tag)等技术,对 G4 的位置和丰度进行全基因组鉴定,使得我们能够对不同细胞类型中 G4 的分布进行分析,并加深对 G4 功能的理解,特别是在转录调控方面。对于这些类型的全基因组研究,关键是要有高亲和力和特异性的抗 G4 抗体制剂。在这里,我们描述了一种表达和纯化抗 DNA G4 结构抗体(BG4)的方案,该抗体由 Balasubramanian 小组首次开发,已被证明可在体外和细胞内选择性识别 G4 结构,并且在高通量技术中有很大的适用性。我们提供了一个详细的、逐步的方案,从商业上可获得的表达质粒开始获得活性 BG4。我们还描述了三种不同的方法来验证 BG4 制剂的活性。