Genetic Institute, Medicine Faculty, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, Av. Saavedra 2246 Miraflores, La Paz, Bolivia.
Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2024 Mar 5;21(3):305. doi: 10.3390/ijerph21030305.
Numerous studies have shown that pesticide exposure is linked to adverse health outcomes. Nevertheless, in Bolivia, where there is an increasing use of pesticides, the literature is sparse. To address knowledge gaps and guide future research in Bolivia, we conducted a scoping review spanning 22 years (January 2000 to December 2022). Our search identified 39 peer-reviewed articles, 27 reports/documents on Bolivian regulations, and 12 other documents. Most studies focused on farmers and revealed high pesticide exposure levels, assessed through biomarkers of exposure, susceptibility, and effect. The literature explored a range of health effects due to pesticide exposure, spanning from acute to chronic conditions. Many studies highlighted the correlation between pesticide exposure and genotoxic damage, measured as DNA strand breaks and/or micronuclei formation. This was particularly observed in farmers without personal protection equipment (PPE), which increases the risk of developing chronic diseases, including cancer. Recent findings also showed the alarming use of banned or restricted pesticides in Bolivian crops. Despite existing Bolivian regulations, the uncontrolled use of pesticides persists, leading to harmful health effects on the population and increasing land and water pollution. This review underscores the need for the stringent enforcement of regulations and continued research efforts, and it provides a scientific foundation for decision-making by relevant authorities.
大量研究表明，接触农药与不良健康结果有关。然而，在农药使用日益增加的玻利维亚，相关文献却很少。为了填补知识空白并指导玻利维亚未来的研究，我们进行了一项范围广泛的综述，时间跨度为 22 年（2000 年 1 月至 2022 年 12 月）。我们的搜索共确定了 39 篇同行评议文章、27 篇关于玻利维亚法规的报告/文件以及 12 篇其他文件。大多数研究都集中在农民身上，揭示了高农药暴露水平，通过暴露、易感性和效应的生物标志物进行评估。该文献探讨了由于接触农药而导致的一系列健康影响，从急性到慢性疾病都有涉及。许多研究强调了农药接触与遗传毒性损伤之间的相关性，遗传毒性损伤表现为 DNA 链断裂和/或微核形成。在没有个人防护设备 (PPE) 的农民中尤其如此，这会增加患慢性病（包括癌症）的风险。最近的研究结果还显示，玻利维亚作物中存在令人震惊的禁用或限制农药的使用。尽管存在玻利维亚法规，但仍存在农药的不受控制使用，对人口造成有害的健康影响，并加剧土地和水污染。该综述强调了严格执行法规和持续研究努力的必要性，为相关当局的决策提供了科学依据。
