Ruminant Nutrition and Emissions, Agroscope, Posieux, Switzerland.
University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Science, Stuttgart, Germany.
J Breath Res. 2024 Apr 16;18(3). doi: 10.1088/1752-7163/ad38d5.
We explored appropriate technical setups for the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from exhaled cow breath by comparing six different polymer-based solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges currently on the market for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) screening. Exhaled breath was sampled at a single timepoint from five lactating dairy cows using six different SPE cartridges (Bond Elut ENV (ENV); Chromabond HRX (HRX); Chromabond HRP (HRP); Chromabond HLB (HLB); Chromabond HR-XCW (XCW) and Chromabond HR-XAW (XAW)). The trapped VOCs were analyzed by dynamic headspace vacuum in-tube extraction GC-MS (DHS-V-ITEX-GC-MS). Depending on the SPE cartridge, we detected 1174-1312 VOCs per cartridge. Most VOCs were alkenes, alkanes, esters, ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, amines, nitriles, ethers, amides, carboxylic acids, alkynes, azoles, terpenes, pyridines, or sulfur-containing compounds. The six SPE cartridges differed in their specificity for the chemical compounds, with the XAW cartridge showing the best specificity for ketones. The greatest differences between the tested SPE cartridges appeared in the detection of specific VOCs. In total, 176 different VOCs were detected with a match factor >80%. The greatest number of specific VOCs was captured by XAW (149), followed by ENV (118), HLB (117), HRP (115), HRX (114), and XCW (114). We conclude that the tested SPE cartridges are suitable for VOC sampling from exhaled cow breath, but the SPE cartridge choice enormously affects the detected chemical groups and the number of detected VOCs. Therefore, an appropriate SPE adsorbent cartridge should be selected according to our proposed inclusion criteria. For targeted metabolomics approaches, the SPE cartridge choice depends on the VOCs or chemical compound groups of interest based on our provided VOC list. For untargeted approaches without information on the animals' metabolic condition, we suggest using multi-sorbent SPE cartridges or multiple cartridges per animal.
我们通过比较目前市场上用于气相色谱/质谱（GC-MS）筛选的六种不同的聚合物固相萃取（SPE）小柱，探讨了从奶牛呼气中检测挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）的合适技术设置。我们使用六种不同的 SPE 小柱（Bond Elut ENV（ENV）; Chromabond HRX（HRX）; Chromabond HRP（HRP）; Chromabond HLB（HLB）; Chromabond HR-XCW（XCW）和 Chromabond HR-XAW（XAW））在单个时间点从五头泌乳奶牛中采集呼气样本。通过动态顶空真空进样管萃取 GC-MS（DHS-V-ITEX-GC-MS）分析捕获的 VOCs。根据 SPE 小柱的不同，我们每小柱检测到 1174-1312 种 VOCs。大多数 VOCs 是烯烃、烷烃、酯类、酮类、醇类、醛类、胺类、腈类、醚类、酰胺类、羧酸类、炔烃、唑类、萜类、吡啶类或含硫化合物。六种 SPE 小柱在对化学化合物的特异性方面存在差异，其中 XAW 小柱对酮类的特异性最好。测试的 SPE 小柱之间的差异主要表现在特定 VOC 的检测上。总共检测到 176 种具有匹配因子>80%的不同 VOCs。XAW 捕获的特定 VOC 数量最多（149 种），其次是 ENV（118 种）、HLB（117 种）、HRP（115 种）、HRX（114 种）和 XCW（114 种）。我们得出结论，测试的 SPE 小柱适用于从奶牛呼气中采集 VOCs，但 SPE 小柱的选择极大地影响了检测到的化学基团和检测到的 VOCs 的数量。因此，应根据我们提出的纳入标准选择合适的 SPE 吸附剂小柱。对于靶向代谢组学方法，根据我们提供的 VOC 列表，根据感兴趣的 VOC 或化学化合物组选择 SPE 小柱。对于没有动物代谢状况信息的非靶向方法，我们建议使用多吸附剂 SPE 小柱或每个动物多个小柱。
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