School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12 Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Environ Monit Assess. 2024 Apr 1;196(4):403. doi: 10.1007/s10661-024-12575-5.
Rapid increase in population and industrialization has not only improved the lifestyle but adversely affected the quality and availability of water leading to ample amount of wastewater generation. The major contribution towards wastewater production is from sewage. Regular monitoring and treatment of sewage water is necessary to conserve and enhance the quality of water. The present study focuses on monitoring of sewage water within the sewage system of a residential university. A total of 16 samples from different manholes were collected for physicochemical and heavy metals analysis and compared with final effluent collected from integrated constructed wetlands (ICWs) to assess its removal efficiency. The mean concentrations of influent and effluent were compared with national environmental quality standards (NEQS) for municipal discharge (pH 6-9, COD 150 mg/L, TSS 200 mg/L and TDS 3500 mg/L) and international agricultural reuse standards (IARS) (pH 6-8, COD <150 mg/L, TSS < 100 mg/L) respectively. Among all physicochemical parameters, influent values for chemical oxygen demand (COD) (169.56-258.36) mg/L exceeded the limit of NEQS for discharge into inland waters, whereas for total suspended solids (TSS) the concentration exceeded for discharge into STP (406 mg/L) and inland waters (202.33 mg/L). However, effluent concentrations for all the parameters were found within the permissible limit set by IARS. The removal efficiency for different parameters such as phosphate- phosphorus (PO-P), COD, TSS, total dissolved solids (TDS) and total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) were 52, 53, 54, 35, and 36%, respectively. Heavy metal concentrations were compared with WHO guidelines among which lead (Pb) in effluent and chromium (Cr) in influent exceeded the limit (Pb 0.01 and Cr 0.05 mg/L). Interpolation results showed that zone 2 was highly contaminated in comparison to zone 1 & 3. Statistical analysis showed that correlation of physicochemical parameters and heavy metals was found significant (p < 0.05).
人口和工业化的快速增长不仅改善了生活方式，但对水质和可用性产生了不利影响，导致大量废水产生。废水的主要来源是污水。为了保护和提高水质，有必要对污水进行定期监测和处理。本研究重点监测了一所住宅大学污水系统内的污水。从不同检查井中采集了 16 个样本，用于理化和重金属分析，并与综合人工湿地（ICWs）收集的最终出水进行比较，以评估其去除效率。进水和出水的平均值与国家环境质量标准（NEQS）的城市排放限值（pH 6-9，COD 150mg/L，TSS 200mg/L 和 TDS 3500mg/L）和国际农业再利用标准（IARS）（pH 6-8，COD<150mg/L，TSS<100mg/L）进行了比较。在所有理化参数中，进水化学需氧量（COD）（169.56-258.36）mg/L 超过了向内陆水域排放的 NEQS 限值，而对于总悬浮固体（TSS），浓度超过了向 STP（406mg/L）和内陆水域（202.33mg/L）的排放限值。然而，所有参数的出水浓度均在 IARS 规定的允许范围内。不同参数（如磷酸盐-磷（PO-P）、COD、TSS、总溶解固体（TDS）和总凯氏氮（TKN））的去除效率分别为 52%、53%、54%、35%和 36%。重金属浓度与世界卫生组织（WHO）指南进行了比较，其中出水的铅（Pb）和进水的铬（Cr）超过了限值（Pb 0.01 和 Cr 0.05mg/L）。插值结果表明，与区域 1 和 3 相比，区域 2 污染严重。统计分析表明，理化参数和重金属之间存在显著相关性（p<0.05）。
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