1Onkoderma - Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatologic Surgery, Sofia; 2Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical Institute of Ministry of Interior, Sofia, Bulgaria.
3Department of Ophtalmology, Medical Instittute of Ministry of Interior, Sofia, Bulgaria.
Georgian Med News. 2024 Feb(347):136-141.
Oncopharmacogenesis and Drug-Induced Skin cancer related Nitrosogenesis are newly introduced concepts in the medical literature that owe their genesis or presence to the carcinogens/ mutagens, also known as nitrosamines/NDSRIs, which are present in a heterogeneous class of drugs. The contribution to the origin of these 2 concepts is entirely due to 1) the functions and efficacy of FDA in terms of control and identification of these carcinogens, and 2) the establishment of clinicopathological correlations by the dermatologists, occurring during drug intake. According to recent FDA data, the concentration of NDMA in just one metformin tablet could be up to more than 5-fold increased. The intake of 3 to 6 tablets per day should result in a carcinogen intake that is 15 to 30 times elevated within the day and within the monomedication alone. It is these circumstances that paraphrase/ ˝betonate˝ concepts such as Onco-Pharmacogenesis and Drug-mediated Nitrosogenesis of skin cancer. Although not officially declared, these mutagens are present and have been in forced tolerance mode for the last 30-40 years. And after their intake, multiple cancers have been found to develop. The concomitant use of other nitrosamine-contaminated drugs such as losartan/hydrochlorothiazide, metoprolol and nefidipine should certainly not be surprising when it could also be associated with the development of exactly 16 keratinocytic tumours as in the case presented by us. Recent evidence in medical literature has linked the nitrosamine N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) with the direct development of its subsequent mutagenic action in rodents following irradiation with UVA. This fact leaves open the question of the potentially available photocarcinogenic action of the other nitrosamines in humans found in medicinal preparations. This is what necessitates a clarification of the concept of Photo-Nitroso-Carcinogenesis/ Oncogenesis in humans and its relationship to skin cancer. The overlap of the mutational patterns of some of the nitrosamine-induced mutations in target genes such as p53 and RAS oncogenes, with those of UV light-induced mutations - or practically the same ones mentioned above, suggest a possible significant role of the Drug-Induced Photo-Nitroso-Carcinogenesis of keratinocyte cancer in the context of Onco-Pharmacogenesis. Future analyses should focus on elucidating the photocarcinogenic effect of nitrosamines in drug preparations and differentiating Skin cancer Nitrosogenesis from ˝pure˝ Photo-Carcinogenesis and Nitroso-Photo-Carcinogenesis. The localization of the tumors in the area of the UV-exposed sites within the potential/actual contamination of the 4 preparations (simultaneously) in the described patient are indicative of a possible pathogenetic influence in the context of the already mentioned Nitroso-(Photo)carcinogenesis. Polycontamination of polymedication remains a so far unresolvable problem.
Oncopharmacogenesis 和药物诱导的皮肤癌相关的亚硝胺生成是医学文献中引入的新概念,它们的产生或存在归因于致癌剂/诱变剂,也称为亚硝胺/NDSRIs,存在于异质药物类别中。这两个概念的产生完全归因于 1)FDA 在控制和识别这些致癌剂方面的功能和功效,以及 2)皮肤科医生在药物摄入期间建立的临床病理相关性。根据最近的 FDA 数据,仅仅一片二甲双胍片中的 NDMA 浓度可能增加 5 倍以上。每天服用 3 到 6 片,每天和单独服用一种药物的情况下,致癌物质的摄入量会增加 15 到 30 倍。正是这些情况使“Onco-Pharmacogenesis”和“药物介导的皮肤癌亚硝胺生成”等概念变得合理。虽然尚未正式宣布,但这些诱变剂已经存在,并在过去 30-40 年中处于强制耐受模式。摄入这些物质后,已经发现多种癌症的发生。当同时使用其他含有亚硝胺的药物,如氯沙坦/氢氯噻嗪、美托洛尔和硝苯地平,也可能与我们所呈现的 16 例角质细胞肿瘤的发展有关时,这并不奇怪。医学文献中的最新证据表明,亚硝胺 N-亚硝基吗啉(NMOR)在紫外线照射后,在老鼠中直接发展为其随后的诱变作用。这一事实使人们对在药物制剂中发现的其他亚硝胺在人类中可能具有潜在光致癌作用的问题产生了疑问。这就需要澄清人类光-亚硝胺致癌/致癌发生的概念及其与皮肤癌的关系。一些亚硝胺诱导的突变靶基因如 p53 和 RAS 癌基因中的突变模式与紫外线诱导的突变模式重叠——或者实际上是上述相同的突变模式,这表明药物诱导的角质细胞癌光亚硝胺致癌发生在 Onco-Pharmacogenesis 中的作用可能很重要。未来的分析应侧重于阐明药物制剂中亚硝胺的光致癌作用,并区分皮肤癌的亚硝胺生成与“纯”光致癌作用和亚硝胺-光致癌作用。在所述患者中,同时(同时)在 4 种制剂中(同时)暴露于紫外线的区域中定位肿瘤,表明在已经提到的亚硝(光)致癌发生的背景下可能存在发病影响。多药物同时污染仍然是一个尚未解决的问题。