Sustainable carbon sequestration via olivine based ocean alkalinity enhancement in the east and South China Sea: Adhering to environmental norms for nickel and chromium.

Enhancing silicate weathering to increase oceanic alkalinity, thereby facilitating the absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO), is considered a highly promising technique for carbon sequestration. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and potential of olivine-based ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) for the removal of atmospheric CO and its storage in seawater as bicarbonates in the East and South China Seas (ESCS). A particular focus is placed on the potential ecological impacts arising from the release of nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) during the olivine weathering process. We considered two extreme scenarios: one where Ni and Cr are entirely retained in seawater, and another where they are completely deposited in sediments. These scenarios respectively represent the maximum permissible concentrations of Ni and Cr in seawater and sediments during the OAE process. Current marine environmental quality standards (EQS) were utilized as the threshold limits for Ni and Cr in both seawater and sediment, with concentrations exceeding these EQS potentially leading to significant adverse effects on marine life. When all released Ni is retained in seawater, the allowable dosage of olivine varies from 0.05 to 13.7 kg/m (depending on olivine particle size, temperature, and water depth); when all released Ni is captured by sediment, the permissible addition of olivine ranges from 0.21 to 2.1 kg/m (depending on mixing depth). Given the low solubility of Cr, it is not necessary to consider the scenario where Cr exceeds the limit in seawater. The allowable amount of Cr entirely retained in sediments ranges from 0.69 to 47.2 kg/m.In most scenarios, the accumulation of metals in sediments preferentially exceeds the corresponding threshold value rather than remaining in seawater. Therefore, we recommend using alkalization equipment to fully dissolve olivine before discharging into the sea, enabling a larger-scale application of olivine without significant negative ecological impacts.