Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands; Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Wageningen 6708 WB, the Netherlands.
Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Wageningen 6708 WB, the Netherlands.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2024 Jul 1;279:116449. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116449. Epub 2024 May 17.
Over the past few years, there has been growing interest in the ability of insect larvae to convert various organic side-streams containing mycotoxins into insect biomass that can be used as animal feed. Various studies have examined the effects of exposure to aflatoxin B (AFB) on a variety of insect species, including the larvae of the black soldier fly (BSFL; Hermetia illucens L.; Diptera: Stratiomyidae) and the housefly (HFL; Musca domestica L.; Diptera: Muscidae). Most of these studies demonstrated that AFB degradation takes place, either enzymatic and/or non-enzymatic. The possible role of feed substrate microorganisms (MOs) in this process has thus far not been investigated. The main objective of this study was therefore to investigate whether biotransformation of AFB occurred and whether it is caused by insect-enzymes and/or by microbial enzymes of MOs in the feed substrate. In order to investigate this, sterile and non-sterile feed substrates were spiked with AFB and incubated either with or without insect larvae (BSFL or HFL). The AFB concentration was determined via LC-MS/MS analyses and recorded over time. Approximately 50% of the initially present AFB was recovered in the treatment involving BSFL, which was comparable to the treatment without BSFL (60%). Similar patterns were observed for HFL. The molar mass balance of AFB for the sterile feed substrates with BSFL and HFL was 73% and 78%, respectively. We could not establish whether non-enzymatic degradation of AFB in the feed substrates occurred. The results showed that both BSFL and substrate-specific MOs play a role in the biotransformation of AFB as well as in conversion of AFB into aflatoxin P and aflatoxicol, respectively. In contrast, HFL did not seem to contribute to AFB degradation. The obtained results contribute to our understanding of aflatoxin metabolism by different insect species. This information is crucial for assessing the safety of feeding fly larvae with feed substrates contaminated with AFB with the purpose of subsequent use as animal feed.
在过去的几年中，人们对昆虫幼虫将各种含有真菌毒素的有机副产物转化为可作为动物饲料的昆虫生物量的能力产生了越来越大的兴趣。各种研究已经检查了暴露于黄曲霉毒素 B（AFB）对各种昆虫物种的影响，包括黑水虻幼虫（BSFL；Hermetia illucens L.；双翅目：Stratiomyidae）和家蝇（HFL；Musca domestica L.；双翅目：Muscidae）。这些研究大多表明，AFB 的降解发生了，无论是酶促的还是非酶促的。迄今为止，尚未研究饲料底物微生物（MOs）在这一过程中的可能作用。因此，本研究的主要目的是调查 AFB 的生物转化是否发生，以及它是由昆虫酶和/或饲料底物中的 MO 微生物酶引起的。为了进行这项研究，无菌和非无菌的饲料底物中添加了 AFB，并在有或没有昆虫幼虫（BSFL 或 HFL）的情况下进行了孵育。通过 LC-MS/MS 分析测定 AFB 浓度，并随时间记录。在涉及 BSFL 的处理中，初始存在的 AFB 中有大约 50%被回收，这与没有 BSFL 的处理（60%）相当。对于 HFL 也观察到了类似的模式。BSFL 和 HFL 无菌饲料底物中 AFB 的摩尔质量平衡分别为 73%和 78%。我们无法确定饲料底物中 AFB 是否发生了非酶降解。结果表明，BSFL 和特定于底物的 MOs 都在 AFB 的生物转化以及 AFB 分别转化为黄曲霉毒素 P 和黄曲霉毒素 M 中发挥作用。相比之下，HFL 似乎不会促进 AFB 降解。获得的结果有助于我们了解不同昆虫物种的黄曲霉毒素代谢。这些信息对于评估用含有 AFB 的饲料底物喂养蝇幼虫作为动物饲料的安全性至关重要。
