Kulkarni Chetan P, Yang Jia, Koleske Megan L, Lara Giovanni, Alam Khondoker, Raw Andre, Rege Bhagwant, Zhao Liang, Lu Dongmei, Zhang Lei, Yu Lawrence X, Lionberger Robert A, Giacomini Kathleen M, Kroetz Deanna L, Yee Sook Wah
Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
Pharmaceutics. 2024 May 10;16(5):647. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050647.
The presence of mutagenic and carcinogenic N-nitrosamine impurities in medicinal products poses a safety risk. While incorporating antioxidants in formulations is a potential mitigation strategy, concerns arise regarding their interference with drug absorption by inhibiting intestinal drug transporters. Our study screened thirty antioxidants for inhibitory effects on key intestinal transporters-OATP2B1, P-gp, and BCRP in HEK-293 cells (OATP2B1) or membrane vesicles (P-gp, BCRP) using H-estrone sulfate, H-N-methyl quinidine, and H-CCK8 as substrates, respectively. The screen identified that butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and carnosic acid inhibited all three transporters (OATP2B1, P-gp, and BCRP), while ascorbyl palmitate (AP) inhibited OATP2B1 by more than 50%. BHA had IC values of 71 ± 20 µM, 206 ± 14 µM, and 182 ± 49 µM for OATP2B1, BCRP, and P-gp, respectively. AP exhibited IC values of 23 ± 10 µM for OATP2B1. The potency of AP and BHA was tested with valsartan, an OATP2B1 substrate, and revealed IC values of 26 ± 17 µM and 19 ± 11 µM, respectively, in HEK-293-OATP2B1 cells. Comparing IC values of AP and BHA with estimated intestinal concentrations suggests an unlikely inhibition of intestinal transporters at clinical concentrations of drugs formulated with antioxidants.
药品中诱变和致癌的N-亚硝胺杂质的存在会带来安全风险。虽然在制剂中加入抗氧化剂是一种潜在的缓解策略,但人们担心它们会通过抑制肠道药物转运体而干扰药物吸收。我们的研究筛选了30种抗氧化剂,分别以硫酸H-雌酮、H-N-甲基奎尼丁和H-CCK8为底物,在HEK-293细胞(OATP2B1)或膜囊泡(P-gp、BCRP)中检测其对关键肠道转运体OATP2B1、P-gp和BCRP的抑制作用。筛选结果表明,丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA)和肌醇六磷酸抑制所有三种转运体(OATP2B1、P-gp和BCRP),而棕榈酸抗坏血酸(AP)对OATP2B1的抑制率超过50%。BHA对OATP2B1、BCRP和P-gp的IC值分别为71±20µM、206±14µM和182±49µM。AP对OATP2B1的IC值为23±10µM。用OATP2B1底物缬沙坦测试了AP和BHA的效力,结果显示在HEK-293-OATP2B1细胞中的IC值分别为26±17µM和19±11µM。将AP和BHA的IC值与估计的肠道浓度进行比较表明,在含有抗氧化剂的药物临床浓度下,肠道转运体不太可能受到抑制。