Significantly underestimated traffic-related ammonia emissions in Chinese megacities: Evidence from satellite observations during COVID-19 lockdowns.

Ammonia (NH) plays an important role in the formation of atmospheric particulate matter, but the contribution of traffic-related emissions remains unclear, particularly in megacities with a large number of vehicles. Taking the opportunity of the stringent COVID-19 lockdowns implemented in Beijing and Shanghai in 2022, this study aims to estimate the traffic-related NH emissions in these two megacities based on satellite observations. Differences between urban and suburban areas during the lockdown and non-lockdown periods are compared. It was found that despite different dominating sources, the overall NH concentrations in urban and suburban areas were at a similar level, and the lockdown resulted in a more prominent decrease in urban areas, where traffic activities were most heavily affected. The traffic-related contribution to the total emission was estimated to be ∼30% in megacities, and ∼40% in urban areas, which are about 2-10 times higher than that in previous studies. The findings indicate that the traffic-related NH emissions have been significantly underestimated in previous studies and may play a more critical role in the formation of air pollution in megacities, especially in winter, when agricultural emissions are relatively low. This study highlights the importance of traffic-related NH emissions in Chinese megacities and the need to reassess the emissions and their impacts on air quality.