Identifying the origin of springs in weathered-fractured crystalline aquifers using a hydrogeophysical approach.

Over the last few decades, important advances have been made in the development of relevant hydrogeological conceptual models for crystalline aquifers, and notably for weathered-fractured crystalline aquifers. Paradoxically and contrary to other types of aquifers, these researches never aimed at characterizing springs, the places were groundwater naturally outflows from such aquifers. With such an objective, our methodological approach consisted first of a lithological and hydrogeological description of the aquifer system based on borehole data and outcrops in a representative weathered-fractured crystalline aquifer (Daloa, Ivory Coast). Next, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) has been used (after validating the appropriate inversion method) to provide the imagery of the weathering profile both below the plateaus and in the valleys where the springs outflow. Piezometric and river discharge data were also processed notably to determine the direction of groundwater flow. Results demonstrate unambiguously that the isalterites aquifer supplies the springs, and that the underlying fractured layer is not directly implied in this supply. ERT combined with borehole and field lithological data also shows that the lateritic formations (alloterites) present near surface below the plateaus, as well as the upper part of the isalterites, were eroded in the valleys, but not deep enough to let the fractured layer outcrop. This conceptual model for springs not only provides a basis for characterizing such complex aquifers, but also provides technical guidance for spring catchment and groundwater protection in these crystalline areas.