State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Engineering Research Center of Metallurgical Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction, Ministry of Education, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China.
State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Engineering Research Center of Metallurgical Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction, Ministry of Education, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China.
Waste Manag. 2024 Sep 15;186:331-344. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.06.022. Epub 2024 Jul 2.
The difficulty of separating Li during pyrometallurgical smelting of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has limited the development of pyrometallurgical processes. Chlorination enables the conversion of Li from spent LIBs to the gas phase during the smelting process. In this paper, the effects of four solid chlorinating agents (KCl, NaCl, CaCl and MgCl) on Li volatilization and metal (Co, Cu, Ni and Fe) recovery were investigated. The four solid chlorinating agents were systematically compared in terms of the direct chlorination capacities, indirect chlorination capacities, alloy physical losses and chemical losses in the slag. CaCl was better suited for use as a solid chlorinating agent to promote Li volatilization due to its excellent results in these indexes. The temperature required for the release of HCl from MgCl, facilitated by CO and SiO, was lower than 500 °C. The prematurely released HCl failed to participate in the chlorination reaction. This resulted in approximately 12 % less Li volatilization when MgCl was used as a chlorinating agent compared to when CaCl was used. In addition, the use of KCl as a chlorinating agent decreased the chemical dissolution loss of alloys in the slag. The performance of NaCl was mediocre. Finally, based on evaluations of the four indexes, recommendations for the selection and optimization of solid chlorinating agents were provided.
在废锂离子电池（LIB）的火法冶金过程中，分离 Li 的困难限制了火法冶金工艺的发展。氯化作用可以使废 LIB 中的 Li 在冶炼过程中转化为气相。本文研究了四种固体氯化剂（KCl、NaCl、CaCl 和 MgCl）对 Li 挥发和金属（Co、Cu、Ni 和 Fe）回收的影响。从直接氯化容量、间接氯化容量、合金物理损失和渣中化学损失等方面对四种固体氯化剂进行了系统比较。CaCl 更适合用作固体氯化剂，以促进 Li 的挥发，因为它在这些指标上的结果较好。在 CO 和 SiO 的作用下，MgCl 释放 HCl 的温度低于 500°C。过早释放的 HCl 未能参与氯化反应，因此当 MgCl 用作氯化剂时，Li 的挥发率比 CaCl 低约 12%。此外，KCl 用作氯化剂可降低合金在渣中的化学溶解损失。NaCl 的性能中等。最后，基于对这四个指标的评价，为固体氯化剂的选择和优化提供了建议。
