Physical beneficiation of heavy minerals - Part 2: A state of the art literature review on magnetic and electrostatic concentration techniques.

Recent advancements in the applications of heavy minerals by modern science, engineering, technological and metallurgical industries especially in the demand by nuclear and power industries have significantly increased over the decades. This is the reason for the criticality and commerciality of products of heavy minerals and also necessitated their high demand by industries. The recovery of heavy minerals, such as: Zr and Ti associated minerals from their deposits is dependent on extractive metallurgy of transition and refractory metals from complex minerals. Based on the effectiveness and efficiency of mineral concentration as well as metal extraction, several challenges have been encountered in their recovery process, especially in their separation from associated mineral impurities or gangue. This review is however focused on investigating magnetic and electrostatic physical processing techniques and their applications in the beneficiation and recovery of heavy minerals. This will therefore, serve as a tool in reducing process steps and extraction complexity involved in downstream measures of dissolution and hydrometallurgical processes of the minerals.