Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag 59030, Türkiye.
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag 59030, Türkiye.
Nutrients. 2024 Jul 8;16(13):2163. doi: 10.3390/nu16132163.
(1) Background: There is a balance between nutrition, glycemic control, and immune response. Their roles in physiological mechanisms are essential for maintaining life quality. This study aimed to evaluate hawthorn vinegar's metabolic effects, and describe its possible mechanism. We also pointed out several vinegar production methods to clarify the antioxidant features. (2) Methods: In the study, three vinegar techniques were applied to vinegar: traditional production of hawthorn vinegar (N), thermal pasteurization (P), and ultrasound method (U). Thirty-two female adult Wistar albino rats were randomly separated into four groups: Control, N1 (regular vinegar; 1 mL/kg bw), P1 (pasteurized vinegar; 1 mL/kg bw), and U1(ultrasound treated vinegar; 1 mL/kg bw). Vinegar was administered by oral gavage daily for 45 days. Initial and final weights, the percentage changes of body weight gains, and Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) values of plasma and liver were measured. The total protein, globulin, and albumin values of plasma, liver, and intestinal tissue were determined. In addition, plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose concentrations were evaluated. (3) Results: There was a statistical increase in total intestinal protein value and an increasing tendency in total protein in plasma and liver in group U1 compared to group Control. However, the GGT concentrations in plasma and liver were slightly lower in group U1 than in group Control. In addition, there were significant increases in plasma GLP-1 values in all experimental groups compared to the Control group (: 0.015; 576.80 ± 56.06, 773.10 ± 28.92, 700.70 ± 17.05 and 735.00 ± 40.70; respectively groups control, N1, P1, and U1). Also, liver GLP-1 concentrations in groups P1 and U1 were higher than in group Control (: 0.005; 968.00 ± 25.54, 1176 ± 17.54 and 1174.00 ± 44.06, respectively groups control, P1 and U1). On the other hand, significant decreases were found in plasma glucose concentrations in groups N1 and U1 as to the Control group (: 0.02; Control: 189.90 ± 15.22, N1: 133.10 ± 7.32 and U1: 142.30 ± 4.14). Besides, liver glucose levels were lower in all experimental groups than in group Control statistically (: 0.010; 53.47 ± 0.97, 37.99 ± 1.46, 44.52 ± 4.05 and 44.57 ± 2.39, respectively groups control, N1, P1, and U1). (4) Conclusions: The findings suggest that hawthorn vinegar can balance normal physiological conditions via intestinal health, protein profiles, and glycemic control. Additionally, ultrasound application of vinegar may improve the ability of hawthorn vinegar, and have positive effects on general health.
（1）背景：营养、血糖控制和免疫反应之间存在平衡。它们在生理机制中的作用对于维持生活质量至关重要。本研究旨在评估山楂醋的代谢作用，并描述其可能的机制。我们还指出了几种醋的生产方法，以阐明其抗氧化特性。（2）方法：在这项研究中，三种醋生产技术应用于山楂醋：传统山楂醋生产（N）、热巴氏杀菌（P）和超声法（U）。32 只雌性成年 Wistar 白化大鼠被随机分为四组：对照组、N1（常规醋；1ml/kg bw）、P1（巴氏杀菌醋；1ml/kg bw）和 U1（超声处理醋；1ml/kg bw）。醋通过口服灌胃每天给药 45 天。测量初始和最终体重、体重增加百分比的变化以及血浆和肝脏中的γ-谷氨酰转移酶（GGT）值。测定血浆、肝脏和肠道组织中的总蛋白、球蛋白和白蛋白值。此外，还评估了血浆胰高血糖素样肽-1（GLP-1）和葡萄糖浓度。（3）结果：与对照组相比，U1 组的总肠道蛋白值有统计学上的增加，且血浆和肝脏中的总蛋白呈增加趋势。然而，U1 组血浆和肝脏中的 GGT 浓度略低于对照组。此外，与对照组相比，所有实验组的血浆 GLP-1 值均显著升高（: 0.015；576.80 ± 56.06、773.10 ± 28.92、700.70 ± 17.05 和 735.00 ± 40.70；分别为对照组、N1、P1 和 U1）。此外，P1 和 U1 组的肝脏 GLP-1 浓度高于对照组（: 0.005；968.00 ± 25.54、1176 ± 17.54 和 1174.00 ± 44.06；分别为对照组、P1 和 U1）。另一方面，与对照组相比，N1 和 U1 组的血浆葡萄糖浓度显著降低（: 0.02；对照组：189.90 ± 15.22、N1：133.10 ± 7.32 和 U1：142.30 ± 4.14）。此外，与对照组相比，所有实验组的肝脏葡萄糖水平均较低（: 0.010；53.47 ± 0.97、37.99 ± 1.46、44.52 ± 4.05 和 44.57 ± 2.39；分别为对照组、N1、P1 和 U1）。（4）结论：研究结果表明，山楂醋通过肠道健康、蛋白质谱和血糖控制来平衡正常的生理状态。此外，醋的超声应用可能会提高山楂醋的能力，并对整体健康产生积极影响。
