Development of bio-composite mulch film from cotton gin wastes: Study of pesticide residue and outdoor stability and degradation.

Non-degradable plastic mulch films used in agriculture are polluting the environment by leaving residues and microplastics in the soil. They are also difficult to recycle due to contamination during their use. Biodegradable mulch films are needed as alternatives so that they can be used effectively during the growing season and later be ploughed to be degraded in soil. However, market-available so-called biodegradable mulch films are very slow to degrade in the natural environment and thus do not fit with crop rotation demands or annual cultivation. In this study, we have developed mulch films from cotton gin trash (CGT) and/or gin motes (GM) in combination with biodegradable polycaprolactone and demonstrated their effectiveness over 3 months in outdoor conditions. Both the stability and degradation behaviours of mulch film samples were observed when they were placed on top of the soil and buried in the soil, respectively. Pesticide residue analysis also was carried out on CGT powder to identify and quantify individual pesticides against a matrix of known pesticides. The mulch films prepared in this study showed comparable and stable mechanical properties compared to commercial biodegradable mulch film, though were much quicker to degrade when buried in the soil. No pesticides were detected in the CGT samples. The films produced were vapour-permeable and may be useful in practical agricultural settings by being able to maintain consistent soil moisture and allowing precipitation to penetrate gradually. The lab-scale production cost for the film was 98.8 AUD/kg, which could be lowered by integrating a continuous film line in large-scale production.