Styrene lung cancer risk assessment: an alternative evaluation of human lung cancer risk assuming mouse lung tumors are potentially human relevant and operating by a threshold-based non-genotoxic mode of action.

Rodent inhalation studies indicate styrene is a mouse lung-specific carcinogen. Mode-of-action (MOA) analyses indicate that the lung tumors cannot be excluded as weakly quantitatively relevant to humans due to shared oxidative metabolites detected in rodents and humans. However, styrene also is not genotoxic following dosing. The objective of this review was to characterize occupational and general population cancer risks by conservatively assuming mouse lung tumors were relevant to humans but operating by a non-genotoxic MOA. Inhalation cancer values reference concentrations for respective occupational and general population exposures (RfC and RfC) were derived from initial benchmark dose (BMD) modeling of mouse inhalation tumor dose-response data. An overall lowest BMDL of 4.7 ppm was modeled for lung tumors, which was further duration- and dose-adjusted by physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to derive RfC values of 6.2 ppm and 0.8 ppm, respectively. With the exception of open-mold fiber reinforced composite workers not using personal protective equipment (PPE), the RfC values are greater than typical occupational and general population human exposures, thus indicating styrene exposures represent a low potential for human lung cancer risk. Consistent with this conclusion, a review of styrene occupational epidemiology did not support a conclusion of an association between styrene exposure and lung cancer occurrence, and further supports a conclusion that the conservatively derived RfC is lung cancer protective.