The pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass with acid generates phenolic and furanyl compounds that function as toxins by inhibiting microbial growth and metabolism. Therefore, it is necessary to detoxify acid-pretreated lignocellulosic biomass for better utilization. Among the various detoxification methods that are available, biodetoxification offers advantages that include mild reaction conditions and low energy consumption. In this study, a newly isolated strain, N1, was found to effectively degrade various lignin-derived aromatic compounds, such as -coumarate, ferulate, syringaldehyde, furfural, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Furthermore, the metabolic pathway and genes responsible for this degradation were also identified. In addition, the overexpression of a demethylase (DesA) and 3,4-dioxygenase (DesZ) in strain N1 generated a recombinant strain, N1-S, which showed an enhanced ability to degrade syringaldehyde and 80.5% furfural, 50.7% 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and 71.5% phenolic compounds in corn cob hydrolysate. The resulting detoxified hydrolysate was used directly as a feedstock for succinate production by suc260. This afforded 35.3 g/l succinate, which was 6.5 times greater than the concentration afforded when nondetoxified hydrolysate was used. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that strain N1-S is a valuable microbe for the biodetoxification of lignocellulosic biomass.