Molecular dialogue between light and temperature signalling in plants: from perception to thermotolerance.

Light and temperature are the two most variable environmental signals that regulate plant growth and development. Plants in the natural environment usually encounter warmer temperatures during the day and cooler temperatures at night, suggesting both light and temperature are closely linked signals. Due to global warming, it has become important to understand how light and temperature signalling pathways converge and regulate plant development. This review outlines the diverse mechanisms of light and temperature perception, and downstream signalling, with an emphasis on their integration and interconnection. Recent research has highlighted the regulation of thermomorphogenesis by photoreceptors and their downstream light signalling proteins under different light conditions, and circadian clock components at warm temperatures. Here, we comprehensively describe these studies and demonstrate their connection with plant developmental responses. We also explain how the gene signalling pathways of photomorphogenesis and thermomorphogenesis are interconnected with the heat stress response to mediate thermotolerance, revealing new avenues to manipulate plants for climate resilience. In addition, the role of sugars as signalling molecules between light and temperature signalling pathways is also highlighted. Thus, we envisage that such detailed knowledge will enhance the understanding of how plants perceive light and temperature cues simultaneously and bring about responses that help in their adaptation.