Hypoxia-Induced Adaptations of Embryonic Fibroblasts: Implications for Developmental Processes.

Animal embryonic development occurs under hypoxia, which can promote various developmental processes. Embryonic fibroblasts, which can differentiate into bone and cartilage and secrete various members of the collagen protein family, play essential roles in the formation of embryonic connective tissues and basement membranes. However, the adaptations of embryonic fibroblasts under hypoxia remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of hypoxia on mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). We found that hypoxia can induce migration, promote metabolic reprogramming, induce the production of ROS and apoptosis, and trigger the activation of multiple signaling pathways of MEFs. Additionally, we identified several hypoxia-inducible genes, including , , , , and , which are regulated by HIF1α. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CoCl partially mimics the effects of low oxygen on MEFs. However, we found that the mechanisms underlying the production of ROS and apoptosis differ between hypoxia and CoCl treatment. These findings provide insights into the complex interplay between hypoxia, fibroblasts, and embryonic developmental processes.