Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a deteriorating condition triggered by various factors, such as smoking, free radicals, and air pollution. This worsening disease is characterized by narrowing and thickening of airways, painful cough, and dyspnea. In COPD, numerous genes as well as microRNA (miRNA) play a significant role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Many in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that upregulation or suppression of certain miRNAs are effective treatment options for COPD. They have been proven to be more beneficial than the current symptomatic treatments, such as bronchodilators and corticosteroids. MiRNAs play a crucial role in immune cell development and regulate inflammatory responses in various tissues. MiRNA treatment thus allows for precision therapy with improved outcomes. Nanoparticle drug delivery systems such as polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, dendrimers, polymeric micelles, and liposomes are an efficient method to ensure the biodistribution of the miRNAs to the target site. Identification of the right nanoparticle depending on the requirements and compatibility is essential for achieving maximum therapeutic effect. In this review, we offer a thorough comprehension of the pathology and genetics of COPD and the significance of miRNAs concerning various pathologies of the lung, as potential targets for treating the disease. The present review offers the latest insights into the nanoparticle drug delivery systems that can efficiently carry and deliver miRNA or antagomirs to the specific target site and hence help in effective management of COPD.