四种核靶向效应物的组合可防止干扰素 γ 驱动的人宿主细胞死亡。
A combination of four nuclear-targeted effectors protects against interferon gamma-driven human host cell death.
机构信息
Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
出版信息
mBio. 2024 Oct 16;15(10):e0212424. doi: 10.1128/mbio.02124-24. Epub 2024 Sep 18.
In both mice and humans, Type II interferon gamma (IFNγ) is crucial for the regulation of () infection, during acute or chronic phases. To thwart this defense, secretes protein effectors hindering the host's immune response. For example, relies on the MYR translocon complex to deploy soluble dense granule effectors (GRAs) into the host cell cytosol or nucleus. Recent genome-wide loss-of-function screens in IFNγ-primed primary human fibroblasts identified MYR translocon components as crucial for parasite resistance against IFNγ-driven vacuole clearance. However, these screens did not pinpoint specific MYR-dependent GRA proteins responsible for IFNγ signaling blockade, suggesting potential functional redundancy. Our study reveals that depends on the MYR translocon complex to prevent parasite premature egress and host cell death in human cells stimulated with IFNγ post-infection, a unique phenotype observed in various human cell lines but not in murine cells. Intriguingly, inhibiting parasite egress did not prevent host cell death, indicating this mechanism is distinct from those described previously. Genome-wide loss-of-function screens uncovered TgIST, GRA16, GRA24, and GRA28 as effectors necessary for a complete block of IFNγ response. GRA24 and GRA28 directly influenced IFNγ-driven transcription, GRA24's action depended on its interaction with p38 MAPK, while GRA28 disrupted histone acetyltransferase activity of CBP/p300. Given the intricate nature of the immune response to , it appears that the parasite has evolved equally elaborate mechanisms to subvert IFNγ signaling, extending beyond direct interference with the JAK/STAT1 pathway, to encompass other signaling pathways as well.IMPORTANCE, an intracellular parasite, affects nearly one-third of the global human population, posing significant risks for immunocompromised patients and infants infected . In murine models, the core mechanisms of IFNγ-mediated immunity against are consistently preserved, showcasing a remarkable conservation of immune defense mechanisms. In humans, the recognized restriction mechanisms vary among cell types, lacking a universally applicable mechanism. This difference underscores a significant variation in the genes employed by to shield itself against the IFNγ response in human vs murine cells. Here, we identified a specific combination of four parasite-secreted effectors deployed into the host cell nucleus, disrupting IFNγ signaling. This disruption is crucial in preventing premature egress of the parasite and host cell death. Notably, this phenotype is exclusive to human cells, highlighting the intricate and unique mechanisms employs to modulate host responses in the human cellular environment.
在小鼠和人类中,II 型干扰素 γ(IFNγ)对于调控急性或慢性阶段的感染至关重要。为了破坏这种防御机制,寄生虫会分泌蛋白效应物来阻碍宿主的免疫反应。例如,依赖 MYR 易位复合物将可溶性致密颗粒效应物(GRAs)部署到宿主细胞质或核内。在 IFNγ 预处理的原代人成纤维细胞中的全基因组功能丧失筛选中,鉴定出 MYR 易位复合物的成分对于寄生虫抵抗 IFNγ 驱动的空泡清除至关重要。然而,这些筛选并未确定负责 IFNγ 信号阻断的特定 MYR 依赖性 GRA 蛋白,表明存在潜在的功能冗余。我们的研究表明,寄生虫依赖 MYR 易位复合物来防止寄生虫过早逸出和 IFNγ 感染后人类细胞的死亡,这是在各种人类细胞系中观察到的独特表型,但在鼠细胞中没有观察到。有趣的是,抑制寄生虫逸出并不能防止宿主细胞死亡,这表明这种机制与以前描述的不同。全基因组功能丧失筛选揭示了 TgIST、GRA16、GRA24 和 GRA28 作为阻止 IFNγ 反应完全阻断所必需的效应物。GRA24 和 GRA28 直接影响 IFNγ 驱动的转录,GRA24 的作用依赖于其与 p38 MAPK 的相互作用,而 GRA28 破坏了 CBP/p300 的组蛋白乙酰转移酶活性。鉴于对寄生虫的免疫反应的复杂性,似乎寄生虫已经进化出同样精细的机制来颠覆 IFNγ 信号,不仅直接干扰 JAK/STAT1 途径,还包括其他信号途径。
疟原虫是一种细胞内寄生虫,影响全球近三分之一的人口,对免疫功能低下的患者和感染的婴儿构成重大风险。在鼠模型中,IFNγ 介导的免疫对疟原虫的核心机制始终得到保留,展示了免疫防御机制的惊人保守性。在人类中,不同细胞类型之间存在不同的识别限制机制,缺乏普遍适用的机制。这种差异突出表明,在人类细胞与鼠细胞中,寄生虫用来保护自身免受 IFNγ 反应的基因存在显著差异。在这里,我们鉴定出寄生虫分泌的四种效应物组合被部署到宿主细胞核内,破坏 IFNγ 信号。这种破坏对于阻止寄生虫的过早逸出和宿主细胞的死亡至关重要。值得注意的是,这种表型仅见于人类细胞,突出了寄生虫在人类细胞环境中调节宿主反应所采用的复杂而独特的机制。