Male-Specific Substances Possibly Contributing to Nuptial Flight of the Japanese Carpenter Ant Camponotus japonicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).

The nuptial flight of ants usually occurs during certain periods of the year. Alate females and males fly out of their nests to mate simultaneously. In the genus Camponotus, sex-specific chemicals are deposited in the male head; however, their roles in nuptial flight have not yet been clarified. This study aimed to elucidate the functions of male-specific chemicals in the Japanese carpenter ant Camponotus japonicus. First, we identified three chemicals characteristic to the male - methyl salicylate (MS), methyl 6-methylsalicylate (MMS), and methyl anthranilate (MA) - all of which triggered electroantennogram (EAG) responses in both alate males and females. As the relative content of MS was insufficient for GC comparison, we investigated the quantitative changes of MMS and MA in the male head capsules before and after flight under laboratory conditions. The amounts of both compounds were significantly reduced after flight, which suggested that males secrete them during flight. Thereafter, a field trap experiment was conducted in three fields of the Kyoto Prefecture, Japan, during the nuptial flight season in 2021 using MMS and MA as baits. The number of captured alate males was significantly higher than that of the females, suggesting that these compounds primarily attracted males rather than females. Considering the field conditions, if the local concentration of these chemicals is increased by male aggregation, females may be attracted as they also showed EAG responses. Our findings represent a first step toward understanding chemically mediated male lek formation during the process of male aggregation syndrome in this species.