INTRODUCTION

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents cancer originating from the renal epithelium and accounts for > 90% of cancers in the kidney. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is overexpressed in tumor-associated neovascular endothelial cells of many solid tumors, including metastatic RCC. Although studied in several small clinical studies, PSMA-based imaging and therapy have not been pursued rigorously in preclinical RCC. This study aimed to evaluate the preclinical performance of PSMA-based radiotheranostic agents in a relevant murine model.

METHODS

A PSMA-overexpressing murine cell line, PSMA+ RENCA, was developed by lentiviral transduction. PSMA-based theranostic agents, Ga-L1/Lu-L1/Ac-L1, were synthesized in high radiochemical yield and purity following our reported methods. Immunocompetent BALB/c mice were used for flank and orthotopic tumor inoculation. Ga-L1 was evaluated in small animal PET/CT imaging in flank and PET/MR imaging in orthotopic models. Cell viability studies were conducted for Lu-L1 and Ac-L1. Proof-of-concept treatment studies were performed using Ac-L1 (0, 37 kBq, 2 kBq × 37 kBq, 1 week apart) using PSMA+ RENCA in the flank model.

RESULTS

Cellular uptake of Ga-L1, Lu-L1, and Ac-L1 confirmed the specificity of the agents to PSMA+ RENCA cells rather than to RENCA (wt) cells, which are low in PSMA expression. The uptake in PSMA+ RENCA cells at 1 h for Ga-L1 (49.0% incubated dose [ID] ± 3.6%ID/million cells), Lu-L1 (22.1%ID ± 0.5%ID)/million cells), and Ac-L1 (4.1% ± 0.2% ID)/million cells), respectively, were higher than the RENCA (wt) cells (~ 1%ID-2%ID/million cells). PET/CT images displayed > 7-fold higher accumulation of Ga-L1 in PSMA+ RENCA compared to RENCA (wt) in flank implantation at 1 h. A twofold higher accumulation of Ga-L1 was observed in orthotopic tumors than in normal kidneys during 1-3 h postinjection. High lung uptake was observed with Ga-L1 PET/MR imaging 3 weeks after orthotopic implantation of PSMA+ RENCA due to spontaneous lung metastases. The imaging data were further confirmed by immunohistochemical characterization. Ac-L1 (0-37 kBq) displayed a dose-dependent reduction of cell proliferation in the PSMA+ RENCA cells after 48 h incubation; ~ 40% reduction in the cells with treated 37 kBq compared to vehicle ( < 0.001); however, no effect was observed with Lu-L1 (0-3700 kBq) up to 144 h postinoculation, suggesting lower efficacy of β-particle-emitting radiations in cellular studies compared to α-particle-emitting Ac-L1. Animals treated with Ac-L1 at 1 week posttumor inoculation in flank models displayed significant tumor growth delay ( < 0.03) and longer median survival of 21 days and 24 days for the treatment groups 37 kBq and 2 kBq × 37 kBq, respectively, compared to the vehicle group (12 days).

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that a theranostic strategy targeting PSMA, employing PET and α-emitting radiopharmaceuticals, enabled tumor growth control and enhanced survival in a relevant immunocompetent murine model of RCC. These studies provide the rationale for clinical studies of PSMA-targeted theranostic agents in patients with RCC.