Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of dual inhibitors targeting AR/AR-Vs and PARP1 in castration resistant prostate cancer therapy.

The combination of androgen signaling inhibitors and PARP inhibitors has shown promising results in clinical trials for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Multi-target inhibitors can inhibit tumors through different pathways, addressing the limitations of traditional single target inhibitors. We designed and synthesized dual inhibitors targeting AR/AR-Vs and PARP1 using a pharmacophore hybridization strategy. The most potent compound, II-3, inhibits AR/AR-Vs signaling and induces DNA damage by inhibiting PARP1. The IC values of II-3 in the castration-resistant prostate cancer cell lines 22RV1 and C4-2 are 4.38 ± 0.56 µM, and 3.44 ± 0.63 µM, respectively. II-3 not only suppresses the proliferation and migration of 22RV1 and C4-2 cells, but also promotes their apoptosis. Intraperitoneal injection of II-3 effectively inhibits tumor growth in 22RV1 xenograft nude mice without evident drug-induced toxicity. Overall, a series of novel dual inhibitors targeting AR/AR-Vs and PARP1 were designed and synthesized, and meanwhile the in vivo and in vitro effects were comprehensively explored, which provided a potential new therapeutic strategy for CRPC.