Unveiling Fusaria mycoflora associated with natural occurrence of lisianthus wilt and stem rot in Central-highland Vietnam.

Wilt and stem rot (WSR) is an emerging syndrome threatening cut lisianthus (Eustoma russellianum) production in Lam Dong province, Vietnam. The disease was observed in all 13 inspected commercial lisianthus greenhouses across major lisianthus cultivation areas in Lam Dong, including Da Lat, Lac Duong, Don Duong, and Duc Trong, with incidence increasing with plant age, ranging from 7.5 to 32.4%. Infected plants displayed stunting, wilting, stem rot and blight, and dieback, with predominance of wilt and stem rot. The disease showed polycyclic behavior, with symptoms shifting from random or scattered in young plants to clustered patterns after the initial flower cutting. Forty-one Fusaria-like fungal isolates recovered from diseased lisianthus plants were identified as Fusarium vanleeuwenii (28 isolates), Neocosmospora solani (11 isolates), and F. annulatum (2 isolates) based on morphological observations and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF-1α) genes. The composition of Fusaria species varied across sites, with F. vanleeuwenii being consistently present. Pathogenicity tests confirmed that isolates of F. vanleeuwenii Li-Fo9511, N. solani Li-Fs4311, and F. annulatum Li-Fp3051 caused typical stem rot in in-vitro assays. In-planta assays showed wilting in seedlings starting two weeks post-infection, with a remarkable increase in disease incidence and severity between five and six weeks, particularly for F. vanleeuwenii Li-Fo9511. The pathogens were re-isolated and morphologically confirmed, fulfilling Koch's postulates. This is the first report of F. vanleeuwenii, N. solani, and F. annulatum as pathogens of lisianthus WSR in Vietnam, highlighting the need for effective control strategies.