Effect of Back Plate Preheating Assistance System and Deep Rolling Process on Microstructure Defects and Axial Force Reduction of Friction Stir Welded AA6061 Joint.

This study investigates the effects of a back plate preheating assistance system and deep rolling (DR) on axial force and tunnel defects during friction stir welding (FSW). Different preheating configurations-advancing side (AS), retreating side (RS), and both sides-were examined to evaluate their impact on axial force reduction, temperature distribution, and defect minimization. Axial force measurements were taken using a dynamometer, and temperature histories were recorded with a thermal camera. The results demonstrate that a preheating temperature of 200 °C is optimal, reducing axial force by 30.24% and enhancing material flow. This temperature also facilitated deeper tool penetration, especially when preheating was applied to both sides. Preheating on the AS resulted in the smallest tunnel defects, reducing defect size by 80.15% on the RS and 96.91% on the AS compared to the non-preheated condition. While DR further reduced tunnel defects, its effectiveness was limited by the proximity of defects to the surface. These findings offer significant insights for improving the FSW process.