Review of the technology used for structural characterization of the GMO genome using NGS data.

The molecular characterization of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is essential for ensuring safety and gaining regulatory approval for commercialization. According to CODEX standards, this characterization involves evaluating the presence of introduced genes, insertion sites, copy number, and nucleotide sequence structure. Advances in technology have led to the increased use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) over traditional methods such as Southern blotting. While both methods provide high reproducibility and accuracy, Southern blotting is labor-intensive and time-consuming due to the need for repetitive probe design and analyses for each target, resulting in low throughput. Conversely, NGS facilitates rapid and comprehensive analysis by mapping whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data to plasmid sequences, accurately identifying T-DNA insertion sites and flanking regions. This advantage allows for efficient detection of T-DNA presence, copy number, and unintended gene insertions without additional probe work. This paper reviews the current status of GMO genome characterization using NGS and proposes more efficient strategies for this purpose.