NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, #02-03, T-Lab Building 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore; Centre for Water Research, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 2, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.
Chemosphere. 2024 Nov;367:143527. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143527. Epub 2024 Oct 11.
This study presents the first investigation of the electrochemical oxidation of a real membrane-distillation (MD) concentrate for the integrated treatment of highly concentrated pharmaceutical wastewater (PWW). The coupling of electro-Fenton and anodic oxidation applied to a real MD retentate, concentrated by a factor of 1.6 compared to the original PWW, reduced the total organic carbon (TOC) concentration from 23,460 to 12,199 mg/L in 24 h (mineralization efficiency of 48%). The pharmaceutical linezolid (LIN), which appeared in concentrated form in the MD retentate, was completely removed below the detection limit in the process (>99% of LIN degradation within the first 90 min of operation). Despite the high initial toxicity of the retentate, the electrochemical process successfully reduced the toxicity associated with LIN and other organic compounds in the retentate. The energy requirements, normalized to the TOC content, were determined for both the MD (0.056 kWh/g) and the electrochemical (0.016-0.020 kWh/g) processes and proved competitive when compared to alternative treatment options for highly concentrated effluents, such as incineration or supercritical water oxidation. In conclusion, the results showcase the potential of combining MD and electrochemical oxidation for sustainable PWW treatment.
本研究首次探讨了电化学氧化法在处理高浓度制药废水（PWW）方面的应用，具体为处理实际膜蒸馏（MD）浓缩液。与原始 PWW 相比，浓缩 1.6 倍的实际 MD 浓缩液经电芬顿和阳极氧化耦合处理，可在 24 小时内将总有机碳（TOC）浓度从 23460 降至 12199mg/L（矿化效率为 48%）。在 MD 浓缩液中以浓缩形式出现的药物利奈唑胺（LIN）在过程中被完全去除至检测限以下（操作最初 90 分钟内 LIN 降解率>99%）。尽管浓缩液初始毒性较高，但电化学过程成功降低了 LIN 和浓缩液中其他有机化合物的毒性。MD（0.056 kWh/g）和电化学（0.016-0.020 kWh/g）过程的能耗均与 TOC 含量进行了归一化，与焚烧或超临界水氧化等其他高浓度废水处理方法相比，具有竞争力。总之，这些结果表明，将 MD 和电化学氧化相结合用于可持续的 PWW 处理具有潜力。
