One Step Ahead in Realizing Pharmacogenetics in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: What Should We Do?

Pharmacogenetics is a promising approach in future personalized medicine. This field holds excellent prospects for healthcare quality acceleration. It promotes the transition to the precision medicine era, whereby a health treatment is driven by a deeper understanding of individual characteristics by interpreting the underlying genomic variation. Pharmacogenetics has been developing rapidly since the human genome project. Many pharmacogenetics studies have shown the association between genetic variants and therapy outcomes. Several pharmacogenetics working groups have recommended guidelines for the clinical application of pharmacogenetics. However, the development of pharmacogenetics in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is still retarded behind. The problems mainly include clinical evidence, technology, policy and regulation, and human resources. Currently, available genome and drug effect data in LMICs are scarce. Pharmacogenetics development should be escalated with evidence proof through research collaboration across countries. The challenges of pharmacogenetics implementation are discussed comprehensively in this article, along with the prospect of pharmacogenetics-guided personalized medicine in developed countries. Stepwise is expected to help the researchers and stakeholders define the problem that hindered the pharmacogenetics application.