Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology - State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, Warsaw, Poland.
Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology - State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, Warsaw, Poland.
Sci Total Environ. 2024 Dec 15;956:177323. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177323. Epub 2024 Nov 6.
Food contamination is a primary route of human exposure to bisphenols (BPs), which are known to affect gut microbiota (GM) and intestinal health. This study comprehensively assessed the impact of bisphenol A (BPA) and three of its substitutes-bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), and tetramethyl bisphenol F (TMBPF, the monomer of valPure V70) - on the taxonomic and functional profile of human GM using an in vitro model. Human GM was acutely exposed to 1 mM concentrations of these BPs during a 48 h anaerobic cultivation. We first examined the effects of BPA, BPS, BPF, and TMBPF on GM taxonomic and metabolic profiles, mainly focusing on short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production. We then evaluated the degradation potential of these BPs by GM and its influence on their estrogenic activity. Finally, we assessed the impact of GM metabolites from BPs-exposed cultures on the viability of intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2). BPA, BPS, and BPF severely disrupted GM taxonomic composition and metabolite profiles, significantly reducing SCFAs production. In contrast, TMBPF exhibited the least disruptive effects, suggesting it may be a safer alternative. Although the GM did not biotransform the BPs, bioadsorption occurred, with affinity correlating to hydrophobicity in the order of TMBPF > BPA > BPF > BPS. GM reduced the estrogenic activity of BPs primarily through bioadsorption. However, exposure of gut epithelial cells to Post-Culture Supernatants of BPA, BPF, and TMBPF significantly reduced Caco-2 cell viability, indicating the potential formation of harmful GM-derived metabolites and/or a depletion of beneficial GM metabolites.
食品污染是人类接触双酚类物质（BPs）的主要途径，已知双酚类物质会影响肠道微生物群（GM）和肠道健康。本研究使用体外模型全面评估了双酚 A（BPA）及其三种替代品 - 双酚 S（BPS）、双酚 F（BPF）和四甲基双酚 F（TMBPF，valPure V70 的单体） - 对人类 GM 分类和功能谱的影响。在 48 小时的厌氧培养过程中，人类 GM 急性暴露于 1mM 浓度的这些 BPs 中。我们首先研究了 BPA、BPS、BPF 和 TMBPF 对 GM 分类和代谢谱的影响，主要关注短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）的产生。然后，我们评估了 GM 对这些 BPs 的降解潜力及其对雌激素活性的影响。最后，我们评估了来自暴露于 BPs 的 GM 代谢物对肠道上皮细胞（Caco-2）活力的影响。BPA、BPS 和 BPF 严重破坏了 GM 的分类组成和代谢谱，显著降低了 SCFAs 的产生。相比之下，TMBPF 表现出的干扰作用最小，表明它可能是一种更安全的替代品。尽管 GM 没有使 BPs 发生生物转化，但发生了生物吸附，亲脂性与吸附亲和力相关，顺序为 TMBPF>BPA>BPF>BPS。GM 主要通过生物吸附降低 BPs 的雌激素活性。然而，暴露于 BPA、BPF 和 TMBPF 的培养后上清液中的肠道上皮细胞显著降低了 Caco-2 细胞活力，表明可能形成了有害的 GM 衍生代谢物和/或有益的 GM 代谢物耗竭。
