Clinical Characteristics and Management of Drug-Induced Lupus Caused by Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor (TNFi) therapy, commonly used to treat autoimmune conditions, such as ankylosing spondylitis (AS), rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriatic arthritis, has been associated with the development of drug-induced lupus (DIL). While the incidence of TNFi-induced DIL is relatively rare, it typically presents with mild symptoms and can often be managed with continued therapy or medication switches. This review explores the clinical characteristics, management strategies, and outcomes of TNFi-induced DIL through a comprehensive examination of cases reported in the literature. The findings suggest that most patients develop anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) positivity without severe clinical manifestations, and major organ involvement is uncommon. Treatment strategies vary; some patients can maintain TNFi therapy without disease exacerbation, while others require alternative treatments. Further research is needed to refine management protocols and improve patient outcomes.