Enhanced Pb immobilization by CaO/MgO-modified soybean residue (okara) in phosphate mining wasteland soil: Mechanism and microbial community structure.

Lead (Pb) contamination is an inevitable consequence of phosphate mining, necessitating the development of effective remediation strategies. This study investigated the use of CaO/MgO-modified okara (CMS) as an eco-friendly approach to remediate Pb-contaminated soils from phosphate mining wastelands. In the present study, following 30 d of CMS application, the exchangeable Pb content was significantly decreased to 10.46%, with the majority of Pb transforming into more stable forms: carbonate-bound Pb (56.44%), Fe/Mn oxide-bound Pb (11.03%), and organic-bound Pb (19.58%). Additionally, the treatment led to a substantial enhancement in total phosphorus, available phosphorus, ammonium, and soil organic matter, thereby improving soil fertility. The microbial community structure was also significantly influenced by CMS, with a notable increase in Firmicutes to 45%. Key genera within the microbial community included Azospirillum, Pseudoxanthomonas, Sphingomonas, and Microvirga, with Pseudoxanthomonas and Massilia being the main differential species. These genera were significantly positively correlated, contributing to the maintenance of microbial community homeostasis and promoting the production of CO and PO, which further accelerated Pb immobilization. The results indicate that CMS is an effective amendment for Pb immobilization in contaminated soils, enhancing soil fertility and modulating the microbial community to promote Pb stabilization. This provides valuable insights into the ecological remediation of Pb-contaminated soils and water bodies, highlighting the potential of waste reuse in environmental management.